Minimising Harbour Siltation

Active amounts Antwerp application approach berth bottom changes channel close coastal considered construction costs deepened density currents depending developed differences discharge dock dredging effects Engineering entrainment entrance equilibrium estuary example experience field Figure flow velocity fluid mud further geometry governed harbour basin horizontal Hydraulics important increase installation International Keep Kirby layer limited located lock maintenance dredging material means measures ment methods minimising mixing natural Nautical Depth navigation numerical operations patterns period physical Port presents processes profiles pump range reduce relatively Research result river salinity scale Scour sedi sediment concentration sediment transport sedimentation rate settling shear ship shown shows sill siltation rates structures studies survey suspended sediment Table technologies tidal tide tion training walls turbidity values vertical volume walls wave zone