were given him by his friends unasked.] 24. Quos genus hoc. Whom, as being the many, who deserve reprehension, this style of writing does not please at all.] 27. Albius. Some antiquarian. See note, IV. Carm. viii. 2.] 32. Ampliet ut. Or fearing that he may not increase his property. See note, I. Sat. iii. 120.] 34. Fænum habet. "He is dangerous." One of the laws of the Twelve Tables provided that the owner of an unruly beast should be liable for damage, unless a wisp of hay was fastened round his horns, as a caution to the passers-by.] 37. Furno...lacuque. From the baker's oven, and the reservoirs. These last being connected with the aqueducts, were, like the former, thronged by groups of servants and idlers.] 41. Uti nos. We must not forget that Horace had not yet written his odes.] 44. Sonaturum. Cicero forms the

supine of præsto in the same way. These are, then, the three essentials of a poet; imagination, mental fervour or inspiration, and sublimity of style.] 45. Quidam. The grammarians of Alexandria. The doubt applies to the new comedy and the Latin drama.] 48. At pater. Exception is taken that the language of the comic writers often rises into poetry, as when an incensed father rebukes a spendthrift son. Such characters may be found in the Self-Tormentor of Terence, or in the Adelphi.] 52. Pomponius. Some unworthy prodigal of the day.] 57. Lucilius. See above note, line 6.] 58. Tempora certa, modosque. The feet and the rhythm.] 60. Postquam discordia. These lines of Ennius may have furnished a hint to Virgil:

"Belli ferratos rupit Saturnia postes.”—Æn. vii. 622.]

63. Justum sit. Whether a satire be a legitimate poem.] 65. Sulcius acer. Sulcius and Caprius were two informers of the day, hoarse with constant shouting in the courts, and always laden with a budget of law pleas. Cœlius and Birrhius were two bad characters, and perhaps had often been informed against.] 71. Nulla taberna. The Argiletum was the Paternoster Row of the time, but there were book-stalls under the principal colonnades, especially by the temples of Vertumnus and Janus, and catalogues were suspended on the columns. Horace does not mean that his books were not published; but he expresses his wish that they may not lie on every book-stall, to be thumbed by the vulgar and other bad judges of composition.] 72. Hermogenisque Tigelli. Such men as Tigellius. See note, I. Sat. ii. 3. Zeune supposes this to be a different person, as the death of Tigellius is mentioned in the second satire. But Horace might make such an allusion to a lounger, even when dead.] 79. Et hoc. And you do this on purpose, with a malicious intent. Hoc is the accusative.] 82. Defendit. The short syllable is lengthened by the arsis. Solutos... risus. A broad laugh.] 85. Hic niger est. Black-hearted. The opposite to candidus. The faults here denounced are all violations of the great law of charity, to do unto others as we would they should do unto us.] 86. Tribus lectis. See the Dictionary of Antiquities, article" Triclinium." For those who have not access to this valuable work we subjoin a brief illustration.

Each guest reclined with his head near the breast of the one behind him; and after eating, turned on his left side toward the table. Those marked 1, 4, 7 were called summi; but, according to Plutarch, the lowest (No. 6) of the middle couch was the post of honour, and hence called consularis. The host sat next No. 7; but this was often varied, so that the most honoured guests occupied the middle places. In this case the couches were each crowded with four. The parasite, or buffoon of the party, sat the lowest on the lowest couch, No. 9, whence some would read imus for unus in the next line.] 87 Quavis adspergere. Supply ratione. To bespatter with ridicule in any way whatever. Compare the Greek Tλuvew with the French laver la tête à quelqu'un.] 88. Præbet aquam. The entertainer. See note, III. Carm. xix. 6. Water was most in request for tempering the strength of the wine.] 89. Liber. See note, I. Carm. vii. 3.] 92. Pastillos. The line is found 1. Sat. ii. 25. See note.] 94. Capitolini... Petillî. We are told that this man had the care of the temple of Jupiter, and was accused of having stolen the crown of the god, but acquitted by the influence of Octavianus. A coin is still extant with the head of Petillius, and the Capitoline temple on the reverse.] 99. Sed tamen. parent candour of this pretended friend of Petillius now reveals his malice.] 100. Succus loliginis. The blackest malignity. The metaphors are very expressive. The cuttle-fish, when pursued, emits a black liquid, by which he discolours the water and effects his escape. Rust gnaws or eats metal, and so the envenomed tooth of slander fastens on the character of friends.] 102. Ut si quid. An elliptical expression. Ut promitto. With the same sincerity as I do, if there is any thing else which I can really promise about myself.] 106. Exemplis vitiorum. Join Ut fugerem quæque vitiorum, ea exemplis notando. This would not be altogether a desirable method of warning a young person against that which is evil. But though it is objectionable to fix attention on the faults of those around us, still, when we cannot help seeing them, we are bound to judge righteous judgment, (see John, vii. 24,) and to take warning for our own example.] 109. Albî...filius? All these personages have left us no other record than this incidental mention of their crimes or follies. See note, line 28.] 123. Judicibus selectis.

The ap

BeThe

A Lex Calpurnia, passed B. c. 149, established an album judicum, or list of qualified persons, mostly, but not necessarily, senators. fore this time, the prætor appointed the judges in each case. Lex Sempronia of Gracchus made the equites the only judges, B. c. 123; but Sylla, B. c. 80, restored the privilege to the senate. In B. c. 70, the judices selecti were, by a Lex Aurelia, to be taken from senators, equites, or tribuni ærarii, to the number of 360, and this is the body to which the poet refers.] 124. An. Join an with addubites, or can you doubt at all whether, not with the sentence.] 125. Flagret. We have no similar metaphor. Translate when evil reports are rife about this or that man.] 132. Liber amicus. A candid friend.] 134. Porticus. The usual promenade in wet or sultry weather. See note, II. Carm. xv. 14, and 1. Sat. iv. 71.] 135. Sic dulcis amicis. Amongst the motives on which our author used to dwell, he makes no mention of a regard to a Divine Being. He had no notion of the duty and privilege of living with a view to pleasing, not man, but God. See 1 Thess. ii. 4.] 137. Imprudens. Unwittingly.] 143. Judæi. The poet threatens to be as energetic in making a satirist of the recusant, as the Jews were in gaining proselytes. The last have been characterised in a holier page : Περιάγετε τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ τὴν ξηρὰν, ποιῆσαι ἕνα προσήλυτον. Matt. xxiii. 15.]

SATIRE V.

Horace describes his journey to Brundusium, and introduces incidentally many of his most familiar friends. Some suppose that the poem is an imitation of Lucilius, who wrote a poetical itinerary from Rome to Capua, and thence to the Straits of Sicily. It is very difficult to determine on what occasion this poem was written. One conference was held at Brundusium, B. c. 40, when Mæcenas and Pollio acted as arbiters for Octavianus and Antony, with Cocceius as an umpire. But from line 29, and from the fact that Fonteius Capito is here the envoy of Antony, a different meeting would seem to be intended. Modern critics refer it to the meeting held between Tarentum and Metapontum, B. c. 37, when Octavianus and Antony were reconciled by the intervention of Octavia, which perhaps was originally intended to have taken place at Brundusium.-Appian, B. C. v. 93. But Clinton and Tate, with great probability, refer it to an intended conference in B. c. 38, when Antony came from Athens to Brundusium, but on account of some omen or prodigy returned without waiting the arrival of Octavianus.-Appian, v. 78. See Life of Horace, B. c. 40, 38, 37. The miles mentioned in the following notes are Roman miles, which are rather more than a twelfth shorter than the English mile, each containing about 1618 of our yards.

1. Aricia. Aricia, (now La Riccia,) with its associations of the grove of Diana, the Clivus Virbii, and its fountain of Egeria, was situated about sixteen miles from Rome, on the Via Appia. See note, A. P. 16.] 2. Heliodorus. An unknown person. The compliment is ironical, or, at least, a good-natured hyperbole.]

3. Forum Appî. About twenty-one Roman miles from Aricia, perhaps at Borgo Lungo, near Treponti, was the town whither the first converts came from Rome to greet St. Paul on his arrival. Acts, xxviii. 15. It was named after Q. Appius Cæcus, who first projected this great road.] 5. Altius... præcinctis. As it was necessary for pedestrians in haste to tuck up the toga as high as possible, this expression is almost equivalent to the evCwv avdpi (an active man) of Herodotus.] 6. Minus...gravis. Less fatiguing to those who take it slowly. Some refer it to the convenience of inns, in which the other road, the Via Minucia, was defective.] 9. Jam nox. The canal on which Horace embarked was called, from its length, Decennovium, and was at least enlarged by Octavianus, whose endeavours to drain the Pomptine marshes will be hereafter mentioned.-A. P. 65. Strabo tells us that this part of the journey was always performed by night.] 12. Trecentos inseris. The boatmen complain that the servants and passengers are overfreighting their bark.] 14. Tota abit hora. Those who have travelled lately in the same country will recognise in this passage a faithful representation of the attempts to impose upon travellers, and the wranglings and delays hence apt to arise in modern Italy no less than of old.] 16. Nauta, atque viator. The sailor who drove the mule and some chance pedestrian.] 24. Feronia. A grove and temple of a Greek goddess of doubtful origin, either the genius of liberty or commerce, and sometimes confounded with Juno.] 26. Anxur. Ascending the hill, at the foot of which stands the modern Terracina, they would reach the ancient Tarracina, about twenty miles from Forum Appî, a town of some note under its Volscian appellation of Anxur.] 27. Mæcenas. See note, 1. Carm. i. 1.] 28. Cocceius. M. Cocceius Nerva, consul suffectus, B. c. 39. See the Introduction. It was his son, probably, or his brother consul, B. c. 36, who was the friend of Tiberius, and grandfather of the Emperor Nerva.] 32. Capito... Fonteius. C. Capito Fonteius was Antony's legate in Asia, and consul suffectus in B. C. 33. We must not confound him with the celebrated jurist, C. Ateius Capito. Ad unguem. "A perfect gentleman." The statuary's test of accuracy was to pass the nail over the surface or the joining of the marble, that he might ascertain that no irregularity existed. Persius has the same illustration:

"Carmina molli

Nunc demum numero fluere, ut per læve severos

Effundat junctura ungues." Sat. i. 63.]

34. Fundos. Fundi, about thirteen Roman miles from Tarracina, now Fondi, was one of the præfecturæ of the second class, to which the prætor urbanus sent a prefect every year from Rome to administer the laws. Aufidius Luscus gave himself as many airs as if he had been a consul, and Horace marks this by calling him prætor, and employing the usual formula for dating the year. Cicero has a similar jest.-De Leg. Agr. ii. 34.] 36. Prætextam. It appears that Aufidius met the travellers in more than official costume, with the white robe fringed with purple, and the tunic with the broad band of purple extending from the neck down the middle of the chest, (which formed the robes of a senator,) and a censer of

charcoal carried before him as if about to offer sacrifice. This ostentation would seem the more absurd to Mæcenas, since he had himself refused the reality of senatorial rank.] 37. Mamurrarum...urbe. Formiæ, (now Molo di Gaieta,) the city of Lamus and the Læstrygons, (see note, III. Carm. xvii. 6,) is here satirically named after a very different family. Mamurra was præfectus fabrum in Cæsar's army in Gaul, and amassed so much money that he was the first at Rome who covered the walls of his house with marble. He was very intimate with J. Cæsar, and is often attacked by Catullus. Formia was about twelve miles from Fundi.] 38. Murena. See Introduction, II. Carm. x. As both these gentlemen had mansions at Formiæ, Murena, who was from home, ordered his steward to prepare a lodging, and Capito found the supper.] 40. Plotius. M. Plotius Tucca, to whom, with Varius, Augustus afterwards intrusted the editing of the Eneid, which Virgil left unfinished. Varius. See note, I. Carm. vi. 1. Sinuessæ. Now Bagnoli, near Monte Dragone, a city on the borders of Latium and Campania, founded on the ruins of Sinope, an old Greek city, about eighteen Roman miles from Formiæ. Virgiliusque. On the intimacy of the two poets, see Life, B. c. 41, and Introd. I. Carm. iii.] 45. Campano ponti. A bridge over the Savo or Savone, now called Ponte Ceppani.] 46. Parochi. Commissaries appointed to see that all legati received what they required at the public expense. This privilege was greatly abused, (Cicero ad Attic. v. 16,) especially by the libera legatio, or travelling licence, often granted to senators and others, with the same advantages as if they were ambassadors. J. Cæsar limited it to the right of demanding firewood, fodder, and salt.] 47. Hinc. From Sinuessa to the bridge was about three miles, and from this to Capua about eighteen or nineteen more. On Capua, see note, Epode xvi. 5. This capital town of Campania took its name from Capys, a com panion of Æneas.-En. x. 145. Tempore. In good time.] 49. Crudis. Probably Virgil suffered from dyspepsia, as his friend from a weakness of the eyes.] 51. Caudî cauponas. The situation of Caudium is uncertain, but as the Furcæ Caudinæ, where the Romans were entangled by C. Pontius, the Samnite general, may be identified with the valley of Arpaia, and as inscriptions connected with the family of Cocceius have been found near Montesarchio, we may place it between these, about twenty-two miles from Capua.] 52. Sarmenti scurræ. Of these unworthy

heroes, we know only that Sarmentus was a freedman and clerk of Favonius, and, after his proscription, of Mæcenas; and that KiKippos was a Greek word for a cock. Juvenal alludes to the former :

"Si potes illa pati quæ nec Sarmentus iniquas

Cæsaris ad mensas, nec vilis Galba tulisset."-Sat. v. 3.] 53. Musa, velim. Parodied from more serious poems. Homer:Εσπετε νῦν μοι Μοῦσαι Ολύμπια δώματ ̓ ἔχουσα — Il. ii. 484.] 54. Osci. The Osci, or Opici, the original inhabitants of Campania, were held in ridicule and reproach.] 55. Domina. The wife of Favonius who was put to death after the battle of Philippi.] 58. Accipio. I accept your challenge. And the nickname, also,