or time when, are sometimes put in the objective case, without a preposition expressed. We insert this Rule here, because some teachers may prefer it to Rule VI, on p. 192; though we ourselves prefer that Rule, which is more comprehensive. Rule VII.— 1. A Noun or Pronoun, added to another for explanation or emphasis, is put, by apposition, in the same case. 2. A Noun or Pronoun, after an intransitive or a passive verb, is put in the same case as the subject, when it denotes the same person or thing. We insert this Rule here, because some teachers may prefer it to Rule VII, on p. 192; though we ourselves prefer that Rule. Run. "To run riot"; i. e., in or into riot. Rule VI. "The brooks ran nectar." "The streams ran blood." "Forthwith on all sides to his aid was run By angels many and strong." - Milton. It is customary to say that ran is transitive, and governs nectar and blood; but the meaning in the first example plainly seems to be, that the brooks were nectar, and hence nectar is a predicate-nominative. The next example is doubtful; for it may mean simply that the rivers carried blood, or flowed with blood; and if this is the sense, Rule IV or VI should be applied. In the last example, was run is an impersonal verb, and a pure Latinism. See p. 195. Save and but are prepositions when followed by the objective case, and conjunctions when followed by the nominative case. - See p. 293. Seize. "To seize something." "To seize on something"; comp. v. Set. "To set up, off, out, apart, by, forth, over," etc.; adverbs. Short. "To be short of money"; adj. "To stop short"; adv. come short of"; "To fall short of"; i. e., to be short of; adj. cut him short with this remark"; adv. "To stop short" (manner), and "To stop shortly" (time), are very different. Sit. "To "He "To "To sit up late "; v. intr. "I sit me down" (poetic); v. tr. sit the matter out ; v. tr. "She sits a horse well"; "He plods his weary way." On may be supplied in the last two examples, but it is not improbable that the idiomatic sense makes the verbs transitive. Situated. "London is situated on the Thames"; adj. So. "So frowned the combatants "; adv. of manner. "It is so cold"; adv. of degree. "So he does it, no matter when"; conj. A wry mouth or so was all."-- Swift. Noun. So is often used as a sort of pro-word, to represent a word, phrase, or clause; and to express not only manner, but frequently condition, thus having the force of an adjective; but as it must be always construed with a verb, it is still considered an adverb. "He is very stingy, but she is more so." Something. "Of worm or serpent kind it something looked." Rule VII. "Such and such a one.". Swift. Adj. "I do not regard his rules as such," i. e., as rules; pron., apposition. "Some flowers have beautiful names; such as heart's-ease, daisy, honeysuckle,” etc. Such. Such, in this last sentence, is a pronoun, in apposition with names, as being included in it; and as is a relative pronoun, predicated of heart's-ease, etc., by the verb are understood. Such could also be referred to flowers. Take. To take hold of; to take care of; to take up; to take on." "He takes after his father"; with mere i. e., resembles. "We should not take up That is, —should not adopt. “They took to the woods"; i. e., took themselves. Take is sometimes used in such close combination with its modifiers, that the words can not be parsed with any perception of their separate meanings. In such cases the whole phrase may be treated as a compound verb. - See § 386. Than. “He is wiser than I” [am]; conj., connecting clauses. "Who forgets the more than Homer of his age?" conj., connecting words. 'Beëlzebub, than whom, Satan except, none higher sat.” — Milton. Than whom is an inelegant expression; though it is somewhat analogous to the abridged phrase but me, but him. Than, in the foregoing example, is usually considered a preposition. It may also be parsed as a conjunction, by saying that whom is used for who, by the figure enallage. "I have more trouble than I can bear"; i. e., than that is which I can bear." This construction of than is so nearly like that of the relative as, that it almost makes than a relative or else as a conjunction: "I have as many as he " "I have more than he." "This aunt Deborah had no more than a small life annuity." Here annuity is put in apposition with more, being included in it; for the meaning is not that she had no more than a small life annuity is, but that she actually had the small annuity; the idea of identity predominates over that of comparison. As sometimes connects words in apposition, and than is a similar word; besides, than, as used above, would became as, if translated into German. That; ADJ. "That man." [hood." ADJ. PRON. "No other home seems so lovely as that of my child- CONJ. [ing." "I believe that all sickness is caused by improper liv"Here is love, in that while we were yet . Christ died for us." - Bunyan. In governs the whole clause after it; or else, only that, with which the clause after it is put in apposition, "A few, that is, eight or ten, were saved"; conj., or supply number. "Fool that I was, no one knew it"== Although I was plainly the great fool that I was, no one knew it. By thus supplying words, this difficult idiom can be parsed; but the supplied words hardly preserve the sense. - -So, "Young as he is, few are his equals." Or else treat the sentences as if that and as were though. The. "The man"; article. "The more we have, the more we want"; article. "The deeper, the cooler "; adv., and correlative connective. "The better to converse"; adv. phr. "He did the best"; adv. phr. When the relates to a noun, it is an article; to an adjective, an adverb; to an adverb, it forms with it an adverbial phrase. Then; ADV. "Did you hear it thunder then?" CONJ. "If you think so, then do not purchase." There. See p. 177. “The ride there and back was delightful"; adj., showing what ride. "To the house thereof"; "And the fame hereof"; "6 Time when"; "The place where"; "All things whatsoever"; adj. Till. 'Stay till to-morrow"; prep. "Stay till I return"; conj. adv. "Till now"; "Till then "; adv. phr.; better, adjuncts. Times. 66 "Three times the son's age is equal to the father's." times four are twenty." "Five times one are five." "Five There is an inconsistency in the foregoing modes of expression. Custom, however, seems determined to uphold them all. To parse them as they are, apply Rule VI to times in the first example, and to four and one in the others. The son's three times, etc. Five times of four, as to four, or in regard to four, etc. age, taken To is a preposition; also the sign of the infinitive, and a part of it. Since the infinitive was not intended for predication, it needed not an auxiliary verb for its sign; and therefore it adopted to as being best suited to express the general idea of tendency. Too. "Too small"; adv. of degree. "Since he went, I will go too. "Devotion, too, hath lingered round each spot of consecrated ground." Too, in the last two examples, is rather conjunctive; and, in the last one, its construction is so nearly like that of the conjunction however, that it would be hardly improper to call it simply a conjunction. Too, also, likewise, even, besides, etc., generally relate to a part of a sentence, and at the same time refer it back conjunctively to a similar part that is either expressed or implied. To those who wish to be critically nice in parsing these words, we would say, first parse the word as an adverb, relating to some part of the sentence according to Note VII; and then say, that it is also used as a conjunction, connecting this part to, etc., according to Rule XV. - See p. 177 and § 527. Up. "To march up a hill"; prep. adv. "To rise up; keep up; go up"; "Man's life is full of ups and downs"; nouns. Upwards. Upwards of twenty houses were burned." "About twenty houses were burned." "In a sermon there may be from three to six heads." The whole phrase, in the first and the last example, can be parsed as a noun; or supply the words number and heads. Some grammarians call upwards a noun; and a strange one it is. Since about is an adverb, modifying twenty, it seems to us that it would be allowable to call upwards of an adverbial phrase modifying twenty. See Above. Very. "The very man"; adj. Very strange"; adv. Weigh. "To weigh [lift] anchor"; v. tr. "It weighs a pound"; Rule IV or VI. "To weigh a hog"; Rule IV. Weigh is as much transitive as cost; but the more obvious object of weigh has rather pushed the other under Rule VI. Well. "A deep well"; noun. "He is well"; adj. "Well advanced in years"; adv. Well, I don't know what to do "; independent adv. What; Compound relative pronoun. "Take what I offer." Interrogative pronoun. "What ails you ? Adjective. "What news from Genoa ? "" [I succeeded." Adverb. "What [somewhat] with entreaty, what with threatening, The regular expression for the relative what seems to have been that what ; for the first cousin to this expression, "das was," is still alive in the German language. The disagreeable monotony of sound, in the two words that what, seems to have caused the rejection of one. "Eschewe that evil is.' Gower. Here the what is dropped; but, in the course of time, what gained the supremacy, and now rules in place of both words. Gradually, what also assumed the function of a plural. "He demands as a favor what the former requires as a debt." What is the object of demands and requires; and favor and debt are put in apposition. "Whatsoever you find, take it." Pleonastic; the antecedent of whatsoever is in apposition with it. "To others do the law is not severe what to thyself thou wishest to be done." The antecedent part of what is governed by do, and wishes governs the relative part in connection with the infinitive. "Is it possible that he should know what he is, and be what he is?" Know governs the clause after it; and what is responsive, agreeing in case with he, according to Rule VII. "I tell thee what, corporal; I could tear her." That is, I tell thee what I think or feel. What if he should sue you?" i. e., what would you do? "What if there is an old dormant law, nobody will enforce it "; i. e., what avails "What though no real voice nor sound," etc.; conj. phr., for it seems to have become a sort of poetic although, "What ho! warder"; interj. "For all men whatsoever ; adj.; or supply they are, and apply Rule VII. See There and Do. it. When. "When was it?" interrog. adv. "Come when you can "Since when was it?" noun. So, where. ; conj. adv. Though it is customary to teach that relative pronouns and conjunctive adverbs connect clauses, yet most words of this kind allow the clauses to which they belong to be contracted into infinitive phrases; and then the chief syntax rests sometimes on the relative word, and sometimes on the infinitive. "I know how to do it"; Note IV; to do is rather the object of know, and modified by how. So, "I knew not which to choose"; "I know what to do." "These precious minstrels could find no room in which to warble"; "He has no money with which to begin the business " ; the infinitives rather depend on the preceding nouns or predicates, and the adjuncts on the infinitives. "Tell me when to eome, and where to meet you"; Note IV, but the infinitive rather depends on the adverb. So, "The Son of man hath not where to lay his head." In the last two sentences, the nouns time and place can be supplied; and in the last one it would be hardly improper to parse where simply as a noun. Whereby, wherewith, whereon, whence, imply each a relative pronoun; and they are therefore generally conjunctive adverbs. Which. "The table on which I write "; rel. pron. "Which is he?" interrog. pron. "Which book?" adj. "I know not which it is"; "I know not which to choose "; responsive pronoun. "Can you tell which is which ?" "He does not know what is what?" "We shall soon see who is who." This idiom is a very curious knarl in language. The first word seems to be a common interrogative or responsive pronoun, and the subject of the verb; the word after the verb is a kind of indefinite pronoun, altogether peculiar. "Which is which?" seems to be equivalent to "Which is the right one"? "Has earth a clod its Maker meant should not be trod by man, erect and free?" Supply which, and make meant govern the whole clause, which should not be trod," etc. Who. 66 99 ; noun. "The man who"; rel. pron. "Who can tell who he is?" first who, interrog. pron. ; second who, responsive, or indirect interrogative. "To any one whomsoever "; rel. pron., in apposition; analogous to "The man himself."- See end of What. [adv. Why. Why go?" interrog. adv. "The reason why he went"; conj. Wit. "They are, to wit," etc.; adv. phr. "These men, to wit," etc.; conj. Worse. "To be worse"; adj. "To do worse"; adv. "For worse Would. "I would go"; auxiliary verb. "I would I were out of the difficulty"; prin. v. "Would God it were done!" prin. v.; God, subject. The meaning seems to be, "O that God wished [subjunctive] it done!" implying that it would then be instantly done. But it is customary to supply I, and to govern God by to. Worth. "Slow rises worth by poverty depressed"; noun. "My knife is worth a dollar," i. e., equal in value to; adj.; dollar, Rule VI. "More worth to men, more joyous to themselves." Young. "Woe worth the day"; verb; old imperative of the verb be; akin to were, or derived from this branch. English syntax would sustain a Rule of this kind: "Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, that have absorbed the meaning of to or for, may govern the same case." Like, worth, and verbs of giving, would come under this Rule. Yet; CONJ. Campbell. 'Yet, though destruction sweep these lovely plains, ADV. Rise, fellow-men, our country yet remains!" "Yet a few days, and thee the all-beholding sun shall see no more."Bryant. One writer supplies passing; but the expression is fully in the idiom of the German language; and in this the sense is," After a few days yet," etc., yet being an adverb that modifies the phrase. Yet, Note VII; years, Rule VI. Yonder. "Yonder church"; adj. "He lives yonder”; adv. ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES. "A mighty maze! but not without a plan." 571. Analysis, in grammar, is the resolving of a sentence into its principal and subordinate parts. Analysis is simply graded syntax; and the most important principal parts are subjects and predicates. Analysis treats of thought and its elements; parsing treats of words and of those properties which sometimes cause changes in the forms of words. 572. Parsing is the resolving of a sentence into its parts of speech, and mentioning their properties and syntax. DISCOURSE. 573. Discourse is any train of thought embodied in language; and it may be, 1. Description, which depends chiefly on place. Description is an account of persons, places, and things. 2. Narration, which depends chiefly on time. Narration is a rehearsal of events. 3. Science or Philosophy, which aims to unfold the nature or plan of things. On this division is based didactic literature, which inculcates moral truth. 4. Illustration, which is any foreign matter introduced for the sake of making the speaker's meaning more intelligible or impressive. Illustration is generally rhetorical matter, comprised under the head of Rhetorical Figures. |