At Odessa, he worked at the local Greek inscriptions, publishing the results of his researches in his Pontische Briefe (1871)'. Archaeologists The study of classical archaeology in Russia dates from the reign of Peter the Great (d. 1725). The Academy of Sciences, founded in 1725, included the name of Theophil Siegfried Bayer (1694— 1738) of Königsberg, who applied an accurate knowledge of numismatics to his works on Greek Chronology, the Achaean League, and the Greek rule in Asia, besides writing a monograph on the 'Venus of Cnidos', in connexion with a statue purchased in Rome by Peter the Great in 1718. H. Köhler The conquest of the Crimea in 1783, and of the Northern coast of the Black Sea in 1792, led to those former sites of Greek civilisation being explored by Russia under an organisation whose centre was in St Petersburg. Under Alexander I (1801-25) Classical Philology and Archaeology were definitely recognised in the Academy of Sciences, and the President of the Academy, Count Uvarov, took the keenest interest in the archaeological exploration of the southern parts of Russia. The discoveries in that region were the theme of the letters addressed to the Academy by a pupil of Heyne, Heinrich K. E. Köhler (1765-1838), who devoted most of his time to the study of ancient gems. His collected papers on archaeological topics were edited for the Academy in six volumes by Ludolf Stephani (1850-3). Von Stackelberg (1787—1834), who studied at Göttingen, and spent many years in Dresden and in Greece and Italy in the study of archaeology*, did not return to Russia until the last year of his life. In the meantime, his German contemporary, Hermann's pupil, Graefe3, who was elected a member of the Russian Academy in 1820, was working at the Greek inscriptions of the South coast, while Morgenstern of Halle (1770-1852) was awakening an interest in Greek art at Dorpat. The archaeological work begun by Köhler was ably continued by Stephani (1816-1887), who studied at Leipzig, was professor Stephani at Dorpat (1846-50), and keeper of the Antiquities of the Hermitage at St Petersburg for the last 37 years of his life. He was the author of many important monographs on the archaeological discoveries in South Russia*. Stackelberg Hungary was among the homes of humanism in the reign of Matthias Corvinus (d. 1490), whose library was scattered on the occasion of the capture of the Hungary capital by the Turks in 1526. 1 Biogr. Jahrb. 1886, 11-13. 2 p. 218 supra. p. 223 supra. 4 5 i 275 and iii 377 supra. 3 p. 388 supra. Télfy Abel Latin long remained in use as a living language in Hungary1; the debates of the Diet were conducted in Latin until 1825'; but there was little interest in classical literature until the middle of the nineteenth century, when there was a revival of learning attested by numerous translations of the Classics, as well as the publication of classical text-books. Among those who aimed at producing works of more permanent value was Ivan Télfy (1816-1898), Greek Professor at Budapest, whose Studies on Greek pronunciation (1853) were followed by his Corpus Juris Attici (1868), and by his edition of Aeschylus (1876). On his retirement in 1886, he was succeeded by Eugen Abel (1858-1889), who owed his knowledge of English and German to his mother (a native of England), and who added to the French that he had learnt at school the Italian that he acquired at the university. At Budapest he attracted the attention of the restorer of classical learning in Hungary, Emil Thewrewk de Ponor". In 1877 he laid the foundation of his knowledge of palaeography, and of the history of humanism in Hungary, in the study of certain MSS from the library of king Corvinus, which were then restored by the Turks. He was thus led to explore the libraries of Europe in quest of MSS of the Epic poets of Greece and the humanists of Hungary. On his return he succeeded Télfy as professor of Greek, but held that position for three years only, dying at Constantinople on the eve of his examination of the ancient MSS of that city. In the department of Greek Epic poetry, he produced critical editions of Kolluthos (1880), the Orphic Lithika and the Orphica (1881-5), the Homeric Hymns and Epigrams, and the Battle of the Frogs and Mice (1886). He introduced the digamma into his edition of the Homeric Hymns; his Hungarian commentary on the Odyssey was preceded by a Homeric Grammar published in 1881, a year before that of Monro. He also edited two volumes 1 On the language of Latin literature in Hungary, cp. Bartal, Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis regni Hungariae (Leipzig, 1901). 2 In Hungary, Croatia, and Transylvania, Latin conversation was last heard in 1848, and then only from Croat lips' (Cl. Rev. xxi 227). Possibly here (as in Italy) colloquial Latin was killed by the revival of learning. 3 Born 1838; founder of the Budapest Philological Society, and jointeditor of its literary organ, since 1871. of scholia on Pindar (1884–91), and published the Ancient and Mediaeval Lives of Terence (1887). Among his publications connected with the history of humanism in Hungary were his Analecta on the Hungarian humanists and the 'learned society of the Danube' (1880), his article on Hungarian universities in the Middle Ages (1881), and his edition of the remains of Isotta Nogarola of Verona (1886). His work in this department is of special importance for the period between the accession of king Corvinus (1464) and the battle of Mohács (1526)1. The publications of the Hungarian Academy are in the Magyar language, which is also used in the principal philological journal, but a medium of communication with the scholars of Europe is provided by the Literarische Berichte aus Ungarn and by the Ungarische Revue3. 1 Biogr. Jahresb. 1890, 47—52; cp. Bursian's Jahresb. xv (1878) 130 f. Egyetemes philologiai közlöny, 1871 f. 3 Bursian, ii 1243. ་ CHAPTER XL. ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. DR PARR, who died in 1825, writes thus in his Diary: 'In the reign of Ptolemy Greece boasted of her Pleiad; England, in my day, may boast of a Decad of literary luminaries, Dr Samuel Butler, Dr Edward Maltby, bishop Blomfield, dean Monk, Mr E. H. Barker, Mr Kidd, Mr Burges, professor Dobree, professor Gaisford, and Dr Elmsley. They are professed critics: but in learning and taste Dr Routh of Oxford is inferior to none'. Routh The last of these, Martin Joseph Routh (1755-1854), died in the hundredth year of his age, after having been President of Magdalen for three and sixty years. He edited the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato in 1784, lived to produce the fifth volume of his Relliquiae Sacrae in 1848, and, at the age of 92, summed up his long experience in the precept :'I think, sir,...you will find it a very good practice always to verify your references". Edward Maltby (1770-1859), of Winchester and of Pembroke, Cambridge, successively bishop of Chichester and of Durham, was the author of a useful Lexicon Graecoprosodiacum (1815). Thomas Kidd (1770-1850), of Trinity, Cambridge, head-master of Lynn, Wymondham and Norwich, edited the philological and critical works of Ruhnken, the 'Tracts' of Porson, and the 'Miscellanea Critica' of Dawes. 'It was amusing', says Maltby, 'to see Kidd in Porson's company; he bowed down before Porson with the veneration due to some being of a superior nature'. 1 Memoirs, i 752 n. 2 Burgon's Twelve Good Men, i 73. Maltby Kidd 3 Founded on Morell's Thesaurus (1762). In supplementing that work Maltby, the pupil of Parr and the friend of Porson, received valuable assistance from both. 4 Rogers, Table Talk, Porsoniana, 325. Elmsley The Porsonian tradition passed for a time from Cambridge to Oxford in the person of Peter Elmsley (17731825) of Winchester and Christ Church. After spending several years in Edinburgh, he lived in Kent from 1807 to 1816, when he paid his first visit to Italy. For the rest of his life his headquarters were at Oxford. He spent the winter of 1818 in Florence, studying the Laurentian MS of Sophocles. He collated the MS in 1820, and the earliest recognition of its superiority is to be found in the preface to his edition of the Oedipus Coloneus'. In 1819 he aided Sir Humphry Davy in examining the Herculanean papyri in the Museum of Naples. For the last two years of his life he was principal of St Alban Hall and Camden professor of Ancient History at Oxford. At Edinburgh he edited the text of Thucydides with a Latin translation (1804), and contributed to the Edinburgh Review scholarly articles on Heyne's Iliad, Schweighäuser's Athenaeus, Blomfield's Prometheus Vinctus, and Porson's Hecuba. His most important works were his editions of Greek plays, all of them published at Oxford, namely the Acharnians of Aristophanes, the Oedipus Tyrannus and Oedipus Coloneus of Sophocles, and the Heraclidae, Medea, and Bacchae of Euripides. His editions of the Medca and Heraclidae were reprinted by Burton, with additions from Elmsley's papers. The latter were also the source of the readings of the Laurentian MS printed in the Oxford Sophocles of 1826. As a scholar whose editorial labours were almost entirely confined to the Greek drama, Elmsley had a close affinity with Porson, who held him in high esteem until he found him appropriating his own emendations without mentioning his name. Porson's property was thus annexed by Elmsley in his review of Schweighäuser's Athenaeus3, and in his edition of the Acharnians1. Elmsley attempted to suppress the latter, but found to his dismay that it had already been reprinted at Leipzig. In his Medea he observed that an editor's duty consisted in two things :-correcting the author's text, and explaining his meaning; the former duty had been discharged by Porson, while the latter had been neglected. In all his editions of Greek plays, Elmsley devoted 11823; Jebb, in Pref. to Facs. 20, n. 5, and in Introd. to Text (1897) xliii f. 2 Nos. 4, 5, 35, 37 respectively. He reviewed Markland's three plays in the Quarterly; Hermann's Supplices and Hercules Furens in the Cl. Journal; and published his own notes on the Ajax in the Museum Criticum, i 351f, 469 f. 3 Edin. Rev. no. 5, Oct. 1803; cp. Quarterly Rev. v 207. Church of England Quarterly Rev. v 413 f. 5 Watson's Life of Porson, 310 f. |