published in facsimile'. In 1880 Spyridon P. Lampros spent four months in cataloguing the мss, and his work, in its final form, was published by the Cambridge University Press. Among the very few classical MSS there recorded are single plays of Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes, and separate speeches of Demosthenes, with parts of Plato and Aristotle. There are also several MSS of portions of the fables of Aesop and of Babrius. Minōldēs Babrius is the author specially associated with Minōïdēs Mēnâs or 'Mynas' (1790-1860), formerly professor of philosophy and rhetoric at Serrae in Macedonia, who fled to France on the outbreak of the Greek Revolution of 1821. In 1840 he was commissioned by Villemain to search for Mss in the East. In the library of St Laura on Mount Athos he discovered a мs containing 122 fables of Babrius, of which he made a fairly accurate transcript. This transcript was promptly edited by Boissonade (1844) and more accurately by Lachmann and his friends3. On a subsequent visit he acquired the original, a parchment MS (x or xi), which was purchased by the British Museum in 1857. In this MS, fable 123 was represented by a single line, but Menas in his transcript added six barbarous lines of his own. The success of this little venture led him to produce 95 more fables, his copy of which was purchased by the Museum in the same year, and edited in 1859 by G. C. Lewis, who was fully conscious of the imperfections of the text but accepted it as genuine. The spuriousness of this second collection was, however, soon detected and exposed by Dübner and Cobet?. It was from a genuine MS found by Menas that Boissonade produced in 1848 a new edition of the Facetiae of Hierocles and Philagrius. Menas also brought back from Mount Athos a MS of century x including a new collection of Poliorcetica and part of the work of a previously unknown but unimportant historian, Aristodemus, once believed to be a forgery" but now accepted as genuine 9. Lastly, he discovered an important мs identified by E. Miller as 1 Paris, 1867, with introd. and bibliogr. by V. Langlois. 2 Two large quarto vols. 1895, 1900. He has since written on the mediaeval and modern Greek copyists and collectors of MSS (Ath. 1902-3). 3 p. 129 supra. Rutherford's ed., p. lxviif; cp., in general, Prolegomena to ed. by O. Crusius (1896). This continued to be the view of Bergk and Bernhardy. • Revue de l'instruction publique en Belgique (1860) 84. 7 Mnem. ix (1860) 278 f (cp. viii (1859) 339 f). See also Ficus in Rossbach, Metr.3 808 f. 8 C. Wachsmuth, in Rhein. Mus. xxiii 303 f. Cp. Schwartz in Pauly-Wissowa. the lost books iv-x of the 'Refutation of all Heresies', sometimes called (from the title of book i) the Philosophumena of Hippolytus'. Constantine Simonides It was also on Mount Athos that, in or before 1851, the lost 'Shepherd of Hermas' was discovered by Constantine Simonides (18241867). The discoverer made a copy of six leaves, carried off three others, and submitted the whole to certain scholars at Leipzig, where the author was at once identified by Gersdorf and the work published by Dindorf (1856). The discoverer described himself as a native of Hydra, who had been educated at Aegina and on his mother's native island of Syme, N.W. of Rhodes. It is beyond the scope of these pages to dwell on his extensive travels and his extraordinary adventures. Suffice it to say that he paid three visits to Mount Athos, in 1839 f, 1848 and 1851 f. On the first of these visits he professed to have discovered a secret store of MSS, including an Anacreon, a Hesiod and a Homer of unprecedented antiquity. In 1848 these MSS were examined at Athens without any unanimous result, and they were afterwards bought in England by Sir Thomas Phillipps. Simonides pretended to have found (among many other MSS) the lost work of Demetrius Magnes On authors bearing the same names', and, being unaware that the writer in question lived in the first century B.C.3, repeatedly quoted it as his authority for matters of later date, such as the life of Nonnus in the fifth, or of Uranius in the fourth century A.D., the Egyptian History' of the latter being one of his most flagrant forgeries. In 1862 he even claimed to have written on Mount Athos in 1840, the most ancient MS of the Greek Bible, the Codex Sinaiticus discovered by Tischendorf on Mount Sinai in 1844–59, a мs which (curiously enough) ends with the opening chapters of the 'Shepherd of Hermas'. Many years had then passed since the Greeks themselves had discovered that Simonides was an impostor. Kumanúdes had pronounced against him in 1848; Rangabês had denounced all his Mss as forgeries in 1 p. 254 supra. Minoïdes Menas wrote on Greek pronunciation (1824), edited the 'Dialectic' of Galen (1844), and translated into French Aristotle's Rhetoric (1837) and Philostratus, De Gymnastica (1852). He was the first to print in 1858 the treatise of the patriarch Gennadios against the Platonism of Plethon. He has sometimes been unjustly confounded with Constantine Simonides (as in Christ's Gr. Litt. pp. 652, 922). 'On these six leaves see Lampros in Catalogue, no. 643 and in Dr Armitage Robinson's pamphlet on Hermas (Cambridge, 1888); also Prof. Lake's preface to the facsimile (Oxford, 1907). 3 Cp. C. Stewart's Memoir, 78 pp., 1859; and J. A. Farrer's Literary Forgeries (1907), 39–66. 4 Athenaeum, Feb. 1857. Bi 161 supra. On this claim, cp. Prothero's Life of Henry Bradshaw, 92-99; also Journal of Sacred Literature, Oct. 1862 (248—253) and Jul. 1863 (478—498), and (on Uranius) Apr. 1856 (234-9). 1851', while in 1849 Mustoxýdes, on receiving from him a presentation copy of the 'Symais of Meletios, acknowledged the gift in a letter of exemplary courtesy, making it perfectly plain that he had detected the fraud. The fact that he was a notorious impostor is almost all that is now generally associated with his name. It is only fair, however, to remember that some of his MSS were genuine and some of his statements were true. The true and the false were, in fact, so strangely intermingled that he might with perfect truth have said of himself in the words of the poet whose 'most ancient' ms he falsely claimed to have discovered : Pittákes : ἴδμεν ψεύδεα πολλὰ λέγειν ἐτύμοισιν ὁμοῖα, ἴδμεν δ', εὖτ ̓ ἐθέλωμεν, ἀληθέα μυθήσασθαι. While the old Greek Classics (as edited by Koraës and others) have naturally been studied with enthusiasm in modern Greece, a prominent place has also been taken by the study of archaeology. Kyriakós Pittákes (c. 1806-1863), who in 1836 succeeded Ludwig Ross as Conservator of Antiquities at Athens, had published in 1835 a meritorious work entitled L'Ancienne Athènes. He spent most of his energies on editing inscriptions. The interest in archaeology, exhibited in 1837 by the foundation of the Greek Archaeological Society and the ἐφημερὶς ἀρχαιολογική, was revived by the energy of Alexandros Rísos Rangabês (1810-1892), who Rangabês was born at Constantinople, was educated at Odessa, and studied in Munich. At Athens he successively became Minister of Education (1832), professor of Archaeology (1845-56), and Foreign Minister (1856-9). He was afterwards Greek Minister in Washington, Paris and Berlin. As professor, he published his Antiquités Helléniques (1842-55) and his Hellenica (1853). He excavated part of the Heraeum of Argos (1855), translated Plutarch's Lives into modern Greek (1864-6), wrote a history of modern Greek literature (1877), and published no less than fourteen volumes of philological "AraкKтa (1874-6). 1 Pandora, 1851 f, and Litt. Neohellén. i 188–191. 2 Pandora, i (1851) 263; Constantinides, 376-380. 3 Hesiod, Theog. 27. Cp. Michaelis, Arch. Entd. 49; Rangabé, i 179; Edmond About and S. Reinach quoted by Th. Reinach in L'Hellénisme, 1 July 1907. Michaelis, 121. Cp. Litt. Neo-Hellén. ii 48—104; portrait in Hellenic Annual (Lond. 1880) 240. The Archaeological Society founded amid the ruins of the Parthenon in April, 1837, was, for the first thirty years of its existence, mainly concerned with inscriptions'. A valuable collection of Greek epitaphs was published in 1871 by Stephanos Kumanúdēs (1818-1899). It comprised more Kumanúdēs than 2800 items, it represented the work of six and twenty years, and was printed at the author's own expense. The author, a native of Philoppopolis, was an ideal scholar and an ideal teacher. He had been appointed professor of Latin in 1845, had made his mark as a poet (1851), and, owing to his high character and his many-sided learning, had been appointed instructor to the young king of the Hellenes on his first arrival in Greece. Meanwhile the Society had resumed the excavation of the Dionysiac theatre, vigorously taken in hand by Strack in 1862". The success of Konstantinos Karapános at Dodona (1875 f) prompted the Society to explore the precinct of Asklēpios, S. of the Acropolis (1876), the shrine of Amphiaraus at Orôpus (1884-7), the sacred sites of Eleusis (1882-91) and Epidaurus (1881-3)', and the Heraeum of Samos (1902). The excavation of the platform of the Acropolis, begun by Stamatákēs in 1884, was completed by his successor Kabbadías, the explorer of Epidaurus. A Hellenic Philological Society was founded in Constantinople, and was supported by Germans such as Mordtmann, Frenchmen such as Dethier, and Englishmen such as Alexander van Millingen'. Smyrna, which has for centuries been a place of resort for collectors of antiquities, ending with the numismatist, Borrell, is well known as a centre of Greek culture®. A series of mediaeval Greek texts has been edited by Konstantinos Sathas'. The History of the study of Byzantine 1 Kastorches, 'Iσtopikǹ EkOeσis (1837-79), Ath. 1879; Kabbadías, 'Ioropla TĤs 'Apxacoλoyikĥs 'Eraipelas, 1900; and Th. Reinach, La Grèce retrouvée par les Grecs, in L'Hellénisme for 1 July-1 August, 1907. 2 P. 373 supra. 3 Michaelis, 204. The excavation extended over twenty years (1858-78). 4 ib. 113-120. 6 ib. 206. 8 Cp., in general, Stark, 342. 5 ib. 158. 7 σύλλογος, 1860 f. 9 Meralwrikh Bißλɩ00ýên, i—vi (Ven. 1872; Paris, 1874–7); Mvnμeîa, i ii and Modern Greek lies beyond the limits of the present work. An interesting outline of the scope of such a History, with a summary of the extant literature of the subject, has been given by Krumbacher, the scholar who is most competent to fill the lacuna'. Russia In Russia, the systematic study of the classical languages goes back to the seventeenth century. In the ecclesiastical Academy' of Kiev, founded in 1620, Latin was thoroughly studied from 1631 to the end of the century; in fact, it was almost the only medium of instruction, and the use of even a single word of the vernacular language was severely punished. One of the students produced a translation of Thucydides, and of Pliny's Panegyric. From Kiev the study of the Classics was transmitted to Moscow. The Latin Grammar in use was that of Alvarez3. The printing-school, founded at Moscow in 1679, was the first institution involving the study of Greek, that was subsidised by the government. Throughout the eighteenth century, the SlavoGreco-Latin Academy (founded in 1685) was the principal source of classical learning. The first teachers of note were two brothers of Greek origin, named Likhûdēs, who were natives of Cephalonia. They had taken their doctor's degree at Padua; and, under their tuition, the students acquired a remarkable facility in Latin. The Academy was highly favoured during the reign of Peter the Great (1689–1725). During the eighteenth century, and the early part of the nineteenth, classical publications were limited to translations. The principal Greek and Latin authors were translated in twentysix volumes by Martynov (1771-1883). The first quarter of the nineteenth saw the publication of the earliest works on the archaeology of the Northern shore of the Black Sea". (Paris, 1880-1); Digenis Akritas (ed. Sathas and E. S. Legrand, 1875); History of Psellus (London, 1899). Cp., in general, Bursian, ii 1244-8. 1 Festrede, 186 f. 2 Boulgakov, Hist. de l'Académie de Kiev (Kiev, 1873) 13, 175 f. 3 ii. 163 supra. Sramenski, Les écoles ecclésiastiques en Russie avant la réforme de 1808 (Kazan, 1881), 740. 5 Mouraviev-Apostol, Le voyage en Tauride en 1820 (St Pétersbourg, |