Mss of Theocritus led to his paying four visits to Italy. After the first of these (1841-2) he published the earliest of his critical editions (1844). During his second visit in 1864 he discovered in the Ambrosian Library what is now known as Idyll xxx. Two further editions followed in 1867-79. He also edited the Ambrosian scholia, as well as Theognis, Bion and Moschus, with four school-editions of the Iphigeneia in Tauris. Lastly, he produced an excellent series of illustrations of Roman topography1. He was a school-master at Stuttgart for thirty-one years (1845–76), led a frugal and a happy life, left his library to his school and devoted the rest of his resources to founding stipends for poor students at Stuttgart and Ulm2. Ahrens A. T. H. Fritzsche The text of the Bucolic Poets was ably edited in 1855–9 by H. L. Ahrens (1809-1881), the learned explorer of the Greek dialects3. Theocritus was fully expounded by Adolph Theodor Hermann Fritzsche (1818-1878), a pupil of Hermann, and a professor at Giessen and Leipzig. Of his two editions, the first had German notes; the second, a very elaborate Latin commentary". expounded the Satires of Horace (1875), and edited in the early part of his career the eighth and ninth books of the Nicomachean, and the whole of the Eudemian Ethics (1847–51). He also Two editions of Apollonius Rhodius were published in 1852-4 by Rudolf Merkel (1811-1885), who is even better known as an editor of Ovid. Callimachus was elaborately edited in 1870-73 by Otto O. Schneider Schneider (1815-1880), who studied under Schömann at Greifswald, and under Boeckh and Lachmann in Berlin, where his closest friends were Merkel and Hertz. His earliest work was on the sources of the scholia to Aristophanes (1838), and he afterwards proposed many emendations of the text. Meanwhile, he had published his Nicandrea (1856), the two volumes of his index to Sillig's Pliny (1857), and his school-edition of selections from Isocrates (1859-60). From 1842 to 1869 he was a school-master at Gotha, where the present writer remembers visiting him after he had retired from scholastic work. Eminent as a scholar, he was also excellent as a teacher, and frank and straight-forward as a mano. Westphal The theory of Greek Rhythm and Metre was ably treated by Rudolph Westphal and August Rossbach. Westphal (1826—1892), who studied at Marburg, became a 'privat-docent' at Tübingen, and an 'extraordinary' professor at Breslau (1858–62), and, after living at Halle and Jena, and spending six years in Russia, passed the rest of his life at Leipzig, and at Bückeburg, the place of his birth1. Rossbach Rossbach (1823-1898) studied under Hermann at Leipzig and under Bergk at Marburg, where he made the acquaintance of Westphal, and married his sister. He taught at Tübingen (1852-6), and was professor at Breslau for the last forty-two years of his life. He is there commemorated by a portrait-bust as the founder of the archaeological museum. His independent works included a Teubner text of Catullus and Tibullus, and Researches on Roman Marriage (1853), illustrated (in 1871) by sculptured monuments 2. In the study of Greek metre, Rossbach went back to the original authority, Aristoxenus, and, in conjunction with Westphal, formed a plan for a joint work on (1) Rhythmik; (2) Metrik; (3) Harmonik, Organik, and Orchestik. Rossbach's volume on Rhythmik (1854) was the first to set forth the ancient system of Rhythm, with constant reference to Pindar and the Greek tragic poets. Their joint work on Metrik (1856) marked a great advance, and was well received by Boeckh, and by Bergk and Lehrs, and even by the strictest adherents of Hermann. This was followed by Westphal's Harmonik and Melopoie (1863), his 'General Greek Metrik', his revision of Rossbach's Rhythmik, and his edition of Plutarch', De Musica (1865). After ten years of associated work, Westphal had meanwhile parted from Rossbach. Westphal afterwards produced a Teubner text of Hephaestion with the scholia (1866), and an edition of Aristoxenus (1883-93). His treatise on Greek Music (1883) was followed in 1885-7 by a third edition of Rossbach and Westphal's joint work, under the new title of 'The Theory of the Musical Arts of the Greeks'. The work has been widely recognised as a masterpiece which marks an epoch in the study of the subject. J. H. H. Schmidt The first edition of Rossbach and Westphal's Metrik formed the foundation of the work of J. H. Heinrich Schmidt (born in 1830) 'on the artistic forms of Greek poetry, and their significance'. The choral lyrics of Aeschylus and Pindar are included in the first volume (1868); those of Sophocles and Aristophanes, in the second (1869); and those of Euripides, in the third (1871), while the fourth volume (1872) states the author's views on Prosody and on musical Rhythm, in which he ignores the ancient writers on the theory of Rhythm and Metre, and trusts solely to the evidence of the extant remains of choral lyric poetry3. 1 Biogr. Jahrb. 1895, 40—90; Bursian, ii 981 f. His earliest independent works were papers on the law of the final syllable in Gothic (1852), and on the form of the oldest Latin poetry. His 'Latin Verbal Flexions' (1872), and 'Comparative Grammar' (1873), were largely founded on the labours of others. Biogr. Jahrb. 1900, 75-85; Bursian, ii 984 f. 3 Bursian, ii 990 f. His introduction to the Rhythmic and Metric of the Classical languages was translated by Prof. J. W. White (1877-9). He is also the author of four large volumes on Greek Synonymik (1876–86). Cp. A. J. P. vii 406 f. It has been ascertained that he is still living, and that, amid the von Jan The musical instruments and the musical theories of the Greeks were specially investigated by Karl von Jan (1836-1899), who studied at Erlangen, Göttingen, and Berlin. In Berlin he was led by Gerhard to examine the stringed instruments of the Greeks. He next turned his attention to the study of the texts, and took part in the controversies excited by the publications of Westphal. The discovery of the Delphic hymn gave the final impulse to the publication of the work of his life: his edition of the Scriptores Musici Graeci (1895)1. Passing from scholars concerned mainly with Greek poetry to the special students of prose, we note that the Dahlmann Life of Herodotus was the theme of an interesting work by Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann (1786-1860), who studied at Copenhagen, Halle, and Dresden, and was professor at Kiel, and at Göttingen from 1829 to 1837. In the latter year, Dahlmann and the brothers Grimm, and Gervinus, were among the seven professors who were dismissed for protesting against the violation of the constitution by the king of Hanover". He subsequently lived at Leipzig and Jena, and passed the last eighteen years of his life as a professor at Bonn'. Among the editors of Thucydides a place of honour must be assigned to Ernst Friedrich Poppo (1794-1866), Poppo who studied at Leipzig, and was Director of the gymnasium at Frankfurt on the Oder from 1817 to 1863. His larger edition, in eleven volumes, appeared in 1821-38; his smaller, in four, was first published in 1843-51. Classen Johannes Classen (1806-1891), who was born at Hamburg and studied at Leipzig and Bonn, was for twenty years a master at Lübeck, for eleven Director of the gymnasium at Frankfurt on the Main, and from 1864 head of the school of his native place, where he died at the age of 85. His earliest work, De Grammaticae Graecae Primordiis (1829), was followed, many years later, by his excellent edition of active occupations of a hale old age, he has applied his metrical principles to the newly discovered nomos of Timotheus and to the odes of Bacchylides. On the recent history of the study of Greek and Roman Metrik in Germany, see Radermacher in Jahresb. cxxiv 1-11. 1 Biogr. Jahrb. 1900, 104–124. 2 Herodot. Aus seinem Buche sein Leben (1824); E. T. 1845. 3 Cp. Boeckh and K. O. Müller's Briefwechsel, 402. 4 G. Beseler in Unsere Zeit, vi 68-78; A. Springer (Leipzig, 1870). Thucydides with German notes, first published in 1862-78. At the age of 70 he wrote an interesting monograph in memory of Niebuhr, in whose house he had lived as a private tutor before beginning his scholastic career1. K. Schenkl A critical text of Xenophon' was produced in 1869-76 by Karl Schenkl (1827-1900), who studied at Vienna and, after holding a mastership at Prag, was appointed to professorships at Innsbruck (1858), Graz (1863), and Vienna (1875). His other works included a Greek-German (1858') and German-Greek school-lexicon (18661), and editions of Valerius Flaccus (1871) and Ausonius (1883). With Benndorf and others, he took part in editing the Imagines of the Philostrati; in conjunction with W. von Hartel, he founded the Wiener Studien ; he was general editor of a useful series of Greek and Latin texts published in Prague and Vienna; and, late in life (like Bonitz in his day), he was publicly honoured as the Praeceptor Austriae. Breitenbach The Oeconomicus, Agesilaus, Hieron, Hellenica, Memorabilia, Cyropaedeia and Anabasis were all edited between 1841 and 1875 by Ludwig Breitenbach (1813-1885), who was born at Erfurt, educated at Schulpforta, studied under Bernhardy at Halle, and was from 1840 to 1860 a master, mainly at Wittenberg. He was ultimately compelled to resign that position owing to extreme deafness. His favourite authors were Xenophon and Goethe'. The Anabasis has often been edited separately. An improved text was produced in 1878 by Arnold Hug (1832-1895), who studied Hug under Köchly at Zürich, and under Welcker and Ritschl at Bonn, was a master at Winterthur from 1856 and professor at Zürich from 1869 to 1886, when he was laid aside by paralysis for the remaining nine years of his life. IIe collected some of his popular lectures on Demosthenes etc. in his Studien (1881); he also produced a critical text of Aeneas Poliorceticus (1874), while his explanatory commentary on Plato's Symposium (1876)5 attained a second edition in 1884. He was prevented by illness from completing his careful revision of the Staatsalterthümer of K. F. Hermann". 1 Life in A. D. B., and in Biogr. Jahrb. 1905, 19—33. 2 Anabasis and Libri Socratici. 3 Cp. Wurzbach, Biogr. Lex., and esp. Karl Ziwsa in Österreich. Mittelschule, 15 pp., and Edmund Hauler in Zeitsch. f. österreich. Gymnasien, 1900, xii, 14 pp.; also Deutscher Nekrolog, v 352-8. Biogr. Jahrb. 1886, 292-6. Also expounded in 1875-6 by G. F. Rettig (1803-1897). Stallbaum The text of Plato had been published by Bekker in 1816-23. A useful edition in ten volumes, with Latin notes, was produced between 1827 and 1860 by Gottfried Stallbaum (1793-1861), who had been educated at Leipzig, and spent the last forty-one years of his life at that place, having been appointed Rector of the Thomas-Schule in 1835, and extraordinary professor in the university in 1840. Orelli Meanwhile an excellent edition of the text was produced at Zürich by Baiter, Orelli, and Winckelmann (183942). Of these Johann Caspar Orelli (1787-1849), the younger cousin of Johann Conrad Orelli (1770-1820)', was educated at Zürich, where he was inspired with an interest in the Classics by his cousin, and by an older scholar, Johann Jacob Hottinger (1750-1819). As chaplain and schoolmaster in the reformed community at Bergamo, Orelli produced a new edition of Rosmini's Vittorino da Feltre (1812); as a master at Chur, an improved text of Isocrates, De Permutatione, together with an edition of Isaeus, De Meneclidis hereditate, by his elder cousin, Conrad, and notes on Xenophon's Symposium by that cousin's son, the younger Conrad (1814). As master and professor at Zürich, he prepared an important critical text of the whole of Cicero (1826-38), the second edition of which was completed by Baiter and Halm (1846-62). Of his many other works the best known are his annotated editions of Horace (1837-8) and of Tacitus (1846-8). Baiter Orelli's principal partner in the edition of Plato, and his successor in that of Cicero, was Johann Georg Baiter (1801-1877), who was born at Zürich, studied at Munich, Göttingen, and Königsberg, and from 1833 was one of the principal masters at the gymnasium, and extraordinary professor at the university of Zürich. He was not only associated with Orelli as an editor of Cicero and Plato, but also with Sauppe in their joint edition of the Oratores Attici. The third of the partners in the edition of Plato was August Wilhelm Winckelmann, who was born in Dresden (1810), and began his career by editing the Euthydemus of Plato, and the fragments of Antisthenes. A. W. Winckelmann 1 Editor of the Opuscula Graecorum veterum sententiosa et moralia, 1819-21. S. III. II |