original metres. He wrote on lacunae in Aeschylus and on passages calling for correction by transposition of lines', and left behind him, ready for press, a lengthy commentary on the Agamemnon. Ast (3) In archaeology, his earliest work consisted of three papers on the 'Epochs of Greek Art'. They represented a relapse from the sounder views of Winckelmann, and were strongly opposed by K. O. Müller3, though supported by Thiersch's pupil, Feuerbach (1798-1851). Thiersch's visit to Italy led to his planning a great work on Italy and its inhabitants, and its treasures of art in ancient and modern times, but the only portions that ever appeared were his own account of his tour, and Schorn's description of Ravenna and Loretto (1826). A plan for a similar work on Greece ended in some papers on Paros and Delphi, and on the Erechtheum. The collection of Greek vases formed by king Ludwig I prompted a paper showing that the vases found in Etruscan tombs were really Greek and mainly Athenian”, and also opposing the opinion that they were connected with the Mysteries®. Among the immediate predecessors of Thiersch in the Bavarian university, Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (1778-1841) was a classical professor for the last 36 years of his life, first at Landshut, and next, at the new seat of that university, in Munich. Besides editing the Characters of Theophrastus, he had made his mark as an expositor of Plato, had written on Plato's Life and Works, had edited all the Dialogues with a Latin translation, had annotated the Protagoras, Phaedrus, Gorgias and Phaedo, and had crowned all this with his celebrated Index to Plato (1834-8). In his later years he was somewhat remiss as a lecturer, and it was then that (as we have seen) a new life was breathed into the classical studies of Munich by the energy of the youthful Thiersch. Thiersch was strongly supported in Munich by Leonhard Spengel, who was then a master at the Old Gymnasium, and who worked with Thiersch for 15 years at the university'. From 1843 Thiersch had the 1 Denkschriften, xxi (1846). 2 Era of (1) religious style, ending c. 580 B.C.; (2) artistic developement, 580-490 B.C.; (3) perfected style, from Pheidias (500-430) to Hadrian (d. 138 A.D.) and M. Aurelius (d. 180 A.D.). Ed. 2, 1829. 3 Kleine deutsche Schriften, ii 315 f. • Denkschriften, xxi (1849) 79; xxvii (1850) 99, 230. Abhandlungen of Munich Acad., iv (1844) 1 f. • Cp., in general, Life by H. W. J. Thiersch (2 vols., 1866); Bibliography in J. Pözl's Rede (Munich, 1860); Bursian, ii 733, 738-49. 7 p. 180 infra. support of the eminent Aristotelian, Carl Prantl (1820-88)', and, from 1844, that of Ernst von Lasaulx (1805-1861). Classical education in Bavaria was also ably promoted by Ludwig Doederlein (1791-1863), who was born Doederlein at Jena and educated at Schulpforta. His studies, begun at Munich under Thiersch, were continued at Heidelberg, Erlangen, and Berlin. As a professor at Bern he produced in 1819 a volume of philological papers in conjunction with Bremi'. At Erlangen he was professor from 1819, and headmaster of the local school from 1819 to 1862. As director of the philological Seminar, he had for his colleague, first, Joseph Kopp (1788-1842), a man of vast learning who, on principle, produced nothing; next, the eminent stylist, K. F. Nägelsbach', and lastly, the future editor of the Latin Grammarians, Heinrich Keil, who, on Doederlein's death in 1863, continued his work until 1869, when he left for Halle. As a university lecturer, Doederlein was interesting and stimulating, but unduly prone to paradox. As head of the local school, he made his mark by his impressive personality and by his forcible eloquence'. He was less happy as a writer of works on Latin Synonyms, and on Greek and Latin Etymology, in which he was apt to be unduly subtle, while his wide learning gave a factitious support to fanciful and eccentric views". The same eccentricity and lack of method are evident in his editions of Homer and the Oedipus Coloneüs, and of Theocritus, the Epistles and Satires of Horace, and Tacitus. Henry Sidgwick, who met him at Brunswick in 1860, describes him as 'a dear old man with such a loving face, and, at the same time, very refined features, expressing the thorough scholar in the Cambridge sense of the word". Among the other schoolfellows of Thiersch at Schulpforta was Ludolph Dissen (1784-1837), who was also his fellow-student under Heyne at Göttingen. 1 p. 180 infra. 2 Philologische Beiträge aus der Schweiz (1819). 3 p. 106 supra. Reden etc., 1843, 1847, 1860. Dissen Lat. Synonymen und Etymologien, 6 vols. (1826-38); Lat. Synonymik (1839, 18492); Lat. Etym. (1841); Hom. Glossarium, 3 vols. (1850-8). 6 Bursian, ii 749 f, and in A. D. B. S. III. 7 Life, 59. 8 Dissen did not actually belong to Hermann's school; he was in fact opposed to Hermann's method of interpreting the Classics; but he was none the less a representative of the grammatical and critical type of classical learning. With the exception of a brief stay at Marburg (1812-3), he resided at Göttingen from 1808 to his death in 1837. At Göttingen he produced his earliest work, that on Greek moods and tenses1; at Marburg he published an inaugural discourse on the Memorabilia of Xenophon; and, late in life, he wrote a paper on Plato's Theaetetus. But his main interest, as a classical scholar, lay in the investigation of the laws of poetical and oratorical composition. As a leading exponent of the artistic and aesthetic interpretation of the Classics, he illustrated his principles in his editions of Pindar (1830) and Tibullus (1835), and of Demosthenes, De Corona (1837). The acumen and the powers of observation, which Dissen applies to the study of these works, are worthy of all praise, but his method is unduly artificial and tends to obscure our sense of the living genius of the poet and the orator". A fine sense of the beautiful in poetry and art, combined with a thorough knowledge of the classical languages, and a methodical skill in the collection of lexicographical materials, are the main characteristics of Franz Passow (1786-1833). A pupil of Jacobs at Gotha, he attended Hermann's lectures for two years at Leipzig, before studying ancient art at Dresden. After showing special aptitude as a school-master at Weimar and near Danzig, he left for Berlin, where he attended Wolf's lectures at the age of 28. For the last 18 years of his life he was professor at Breslau, where his appointment led to a revival of classical studies at that university. He was warmly supported by that thorough scholar, Karl Ernst Christoph Schneider (1786-1856), who afterwards edited Plato's 1 Kleine Schriften, 1 f. 3 ib. 151 f. Criticised by Hermann, Opusc. vi (1) 3—69, and Boeckh, Ges. kl. Schr. vii 369 f (cp. Briefwechsel zwischen Boeckh und K. O. Müller, 289–291). Dissen had already contributed to Boeckh's ed. of 1821 a commentary on the Nemean and Isthmian Odes. Passow 2 ib. 89 f. • Criticised by Lachmann, K7. Schr. ii 145 f. 6 Bursian, ii 751-3. Dissen's Kleine... Schriften (1839) include reminiscences by Thiersch, Welcker and K. O. Müller. Republic and took part in the Didot edition of Plato, besides producing a critical recension of Caesar's Gallic War, and claiming for Petrarch the 'Life of Caesar' wrongly ascribed to 'Julius Celsus'. Passow had hitherto been mainly interested in Persius, Musaeus, and Longus; he now devoted himself to the laborious task of producing in 1819-23 a greatly enlarged and improved edition of the Greek lexicon of J. G. Schneider (1750-1822), then one of the senior professors at Breslau. The work was so largely altered that, in the fourth edition, Passow's name alone appeared on the title-page (1831)'. Passow contributed to Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopaedia articles on Aeschines and on the Latin Anthology, which are reprinted in his 'Miscellaneous Works', with his article on Bast, his essays on Hieronymus Wolf and Henricus Stephanus, and his paper on Philostratus the elder. Next to his lexicographical labours, his most important works were his extensive program on the Persae of Aeschylus, and his shorter papers on Sophocles and Aristophanes, and on late Greek authors. He made some preliminary preparations for an edition of Stephanus of Byzantium, which he proposed to produce in conjunction with August Wellauer (1798-1830), the editor of Aeschylus and of Apollonius Rhodius, and the compiler of the Lexicon Aeschyleum. The only Latin texts edited by Passow were Persius and the Germania of Tacitus. It may be added that it was at his instance that the Leipzig publisher, B. G. Teubner (1784-1856), began in 1824 his celebrated series of Greek and Latin texts, and, in 1826, the Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik3. Wellauer Among Passow's earliest pupils at Weimar was his life-long friend, Karl Wilhelm Göttling (1793—1869), who, for the last 47 years of his life, was a professor at Jena. He lectured on classical Göttling 1 It was subsequently made the foundation of a large lexicon prepared by V. C. F. Rost, in conjunction with Friedrich Palm and other scholars (1841-57). Meanwhile, Wilhelm Pape (1807-1854) had added to his Lexicon of 1842 a lexicon of proper names, which, in Benseler's improved edition of 1863-70, became an admirable work of reference, well described as a model of compendious learning' (Tozer's Geography of Greece, 335 n.). Cp. p. 168 infra. 2 Opusc. Acad. 3 Passow's Leben und Briefe (1839); Bursian, ii 753-761. |