ney was completed. This unfortunate family were treated like the worst of criminals. Their dresses were twice changed; first to the coarsest woollen, then to the coarsest stuffs. After being used to walk upon the softest carpets, clothed in the richest attire, and to travel with every possible convenience, they were now exposed to cold, and all the inclemencies of the weather, in small wooden carts which are made without springs, and which are always used to convey criminals to their place of exile. Menzikoff and one of his daughters lived to reach Berezof, but to end their days in that place of solitude.

When Menzikoff found his death approaching, he called his children to his bedside, and thus addressed them: "My children, I draw near to my last hour; death, the thoughts of which have been familiar to me since I have been here, would have nothing terrible in it, if I had only to account to the Supreme Judge for the time I have passed in misfortune. Hitherto your hearts have been free from corruption. You will preserve your innocence better in these deserts than at court: but should you return to it, recollect only the examples which your father has given you here."

On the accession of the Empress Anne to the throne, Menzikoff's younger daughter, and his son, returned to Russia; and the Dolgoroukis felt, in their turn, all the horrors they had contributed to inflict on the Menzikoffs; with this aggravation, that the same person who conducted them to Berezof, carried with him the recall of Menzikoff and his family. The cold of this part of Siberia is so intense, as to preclude the capability of culture; and the solitude so great, that the poor exile sees only his fellowsufferers in misery, except now and then a solitary Tartar, who may by chance pass near his dwelling on his way to Tobolsk, with his tribute of furs.

DUC D'ENGHEIN.

There was never perhaps a scion of a noble house more likely to preserve the honors of an illustrious family, and give it new lustre, than the unfortunate Duc d'Enghein. Worthy of being a descendant of the Great Condé, he was brave as a lion, and generous to excess. In all the campaigns in which the French emigrants were engaged to recover their country, and the throne for their sovereign, this prince was at their head cheering and encouraging them by his example, and winning their affections by acts of the inost touching kindness, of which many instances are related.

At one time the duke visited the hospital at Ulm, which contained several hundreds of wounded French republican prisoners, whom the Austrians had neglected. The prince had but a small sum of money at his disposal; but a ring, which the Emperor of Russia had presented to him, he sold to a Jew, much under its real value; but it produced sufficient to enable him to give every wounded republican a crown. The Archduke Charles, hearing of the circumstance, pro

cured the ring, and afterwards presented it to the prince, with an addition to it of six new diamonds, in the form of a C.

After the peace of Luneville, in 1801, the army of Condé was disbanded; but every soldier who had been under the command of the duke, left him with at least fifty crowns in his pocket. This benevolence exhausted the trifling resources of the duke, and was one of the causes of his residence in Germany. After residing some time at Etteukein, in studious retirement, he was on the 15th of March, 1801, seized by an armed forced employed by Bonaparte, who thus violated the independence of the German Empire, to gain possession of a French prince. He was compelled to travel night and day to Paris, where he arrived at six o'clock on the morning of the 20th. He was first conducted to the temple, and afterwards to the Castle of Vincennes, where a military special commission was convened at nine o'clock; and at eleven, he was sentenced to death.

The Duc d'Enghein shewed himself a worthy descendant of the Condés. His calmness and courage on this trying occasion, were the more remarkable, as during the five preceding days and nights every indignity had been heaped upon him that could irritate his mind, and he had endured every suffering that could enfeeble his body. From the time of his arrest, bread and water had been his only nourishment, and he was loaded with fetters; yet he passed the fourteen hours between his condemnation and his death, with cheerfulness.

When the duke was dragged out into the wood of Vincennes, and told that his sentence was to be executed, he calmly said, "I am ready, and resigned; " and when he heard that the grenadiers who were commanded to shoot him, were Icals of Bonaparte's guard, he exclaimed, 66 They are not Frenchmen; this is one stain less upon my countrymen." When at the place of execution, two gens d'armes proposed to tie a handkerchief over his eyes; but he said, "A loyal soldier, who has so often been exposed to fire and sword, can see the approach of death with naked eyes, and without fear." He then gave the signal, and of the nine grenadiers who fired, seven hit him; two balls pierced his head, and five his body. A small coffin filled with lime, was ready to receive his corpse; and a grave had been dug in the garden of the castle, where he was buried.

Madame de Staël relates, that a few days after the death of the Duc d'Enghein, a lady went to take a walk round the Castle of Vincennes; the ground still fresh, marked the spot where he had been buried; some children were playing with quoits on this little mound of turf, the only monument for the ashes of such a prince. An old invalid, with silvered locks, was sitting at a little distance, and remained some time looking at these children; at last be arose, and leading them away by the hand, said to them, shedding some tears, "Do not play there, my children, I beseech you." These tears were all that were paid to the descendant of the great Condé and

the earth did not long bear the impression of

them.

The death of the Duc d'Enghein was the most wanton and cruel act that the mistaken policy of Bonaparte ever committed; it was not only a gross outrage of the law of nations, but it was also in defiance of the intreaties of his most sincere friends. The Empress Josephine threw hersclf at his feet to beg that he would spare the life of the duke; and his brother Lucien, as soon as he heard that he was seized, hastened to the Tuilleries, and remonstrated against a deed, which he said would shock the moral feelings of mankind. He urged every argument which his ingenuity could devise, but Napoleon remained inflexible; and he was obliged to retire without effecting his purpose. As a last resource, Lucien went to his mother, roused her feelings against the atrocious deed, and urged her to employ her whole influence and art of persuasion to avert it. The lady without delay, hastened to the palace, and presenting herself before her son, fell on one knee; she conjured him by his regard to his family; by the honor of the French nation, and by his own glory, to save the life of the duke; but he respectfully raising her up, told her that he could not grant the request, because reasons of state which she could not comprehend, prescribed his conduct. Lucien, when he learned the unfavorable issue of his mother's applications flew again to the Tuilleries, rushed into the presence of his brother, and upbraided him in severe language on his conduct. "I quit France," says he; "for I will not live under a man who disgraces himself at once as a son by his want of affection, and as a man by his cruelty. You will render every man," continued he, your enemy; and the day may approach when, like a second Nero, you will be dragged through the streets of Paris."

Bonaparte, notwithstanding all remonstrances, executed his purpose; and Lucien quitted France and became a voluntary exile, until the return of his brother from Elba.

IMPERIAL EXILE.

In the church of Llandulph, a few miles from Callington, in Cornwall, there is a mural monument to the memory of a lineal descendant of the imperial line, who died an exile in England. On a brass tablet, surmounted by an escutcheon, on which are engraved two turrets, with the figure of an eagle with two heads resting a claw on each turret, is the following inscription.

"Here lyeth the body of Theodoro Paleologus, of Pesanio, in Italye, descended from the imperyall lyne of the last Christian Emperours of Greece, being the sonne of Camilio, the sonne of Prosper, the sonne of Theodoro, the sonne of John, the sonne of Thomas, the second brother to Constantine Paleologus, the eighth of that name, and last of the lyne that raygned in Constantinople, until subdewed by the Turks, who rrar ied with Mary, the daughter of William Balls of Hadlye, in Suffolks, gent., and had issue five children: Theodoro, John, Ferdinando,

Marie, and Dorothy, and departed this life at Ceylon, the 21st of January, 1636.”

Nothing whatever is known of the male descendants of this imperial line; but the death of the two daughters is recorded in the parish registers. Of Thomas, the brother of Constantine Paleologus, and ancestor of Theodoro, Mahomet II., Emperor of the Turks, gave this character: "That in the great country of Peloponnesus, he had found many slaves, but never a man but him.” Thomas, after defending the castle of Salonica a whole year against the Turks, made his escape from that fortress, when all hopes of relief had been abandoned, and fled into Italy, where Pope Pius II. allowed him a pension till his death. It is probable that Theodoro, the descendant of Prince Thomas, who lies buried at Llandulph, sought an asylum in England, in consequence of the hostility shown towards the Greeks by Pope Paul V., and his successor Gregory XV

IMPERIAL GRATITUDE.

Count Lestoc, after having placed the crown on the head of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia, fell under the resentment of this capricious despot. He was first arrested and shut up in the fort of St. Petersburgh; his wife, who was of one of the most noble families in Livonia, and had formerly been maid of honor to Elizabeth, was also arrested, and confined in the same castle with her husband, but in a separate apart. ment. They were then banished into Siberia, their estates confiscated, and they shut up in different places, and not allowed to correspond with each other.

The Countess of Lestoc had but one room to live in; her furniture consisted of a few chairs, a table, a stove, and a bed made of straw, without curtains, and with only one coverlet.

Count Lestoc was still more unhappy, because the vivacity of his disposition made him very impatient of the least contradiction, and he was only indulged in the liberty of walking about the room, on condition that he avoided going near the window.

The empress had allowed Lestoc, as well as his wife, twelve French livres per day; but these exiles were not permitted to touch the money allotted to them, lest they should employ it in bribing their guards; the officer of the guards, therefore, was treasurer; he was ordered to procure them all necessaries, but he suffered them to want for everything.

A few years after, Count Lestoc and his lady were suffered to live together; they had then several apartments, and a small garden at their disposal; the Countess worked in the garden, fetched water, brewed, baked, washed, &c. Sometimes even the officer of the guard introduced company to them.

At length, after fourteen year's exile, Lestoc and his lady were recalled by Peter 111. The Count came to St. Petersburgh in the dress of the lower sort of the people, which is commonly made of sheeps' skins. All the noblemen of the court, and all foreigners, flocked eagerly to see

him, endeavoring to make him forget the time he had passed in exile. The friendly proffers he received were sincere, because everybody knew he was innocent.

Count Lestoc, though seventyfour years of age, still preserved all that firmness which had been so necessary, when he placed his ungrateful mistress, the Princess Elizabeth, on the throne. He used to give a circumstantial account of this event, and of his banishment, in public company; although he well knew that the story was so disagreeable, that it might subject him to a second banishment.

He claimed all the effects that had been taken away from him when he was arrested; but they had been already distributed among several private persons, according to custom.

CROMWELL'S VIGILANCE.

Oliver Cromwell carried the system of espionage to a perfection which it never attained in this country, either before or since. There was not the smallest accident that befel King Charles the Second, in his exile, but Cromwell knew it perfectly well. A gentleman, who had served the unfortunate Charles the First, desired leave of Cromwell to travel, and obtained it on condition that he would not see Charles Stuart. On arriving at Cologne, however, the gentleman broke his promise, and sent a message to the exiled king, requesting that he might wait on him in the night, which was granted. Having disCoursed fully on the affairs of his mission, he received a letter from the king, which he concealed within the crown of his hat, and then took his leave.

On his return to England, he waited on Cromwell with confidence, and being asked if he had punctually performed his promise, he said he had. "But," said Cromwell, "who was it that put out the candles when you spoke to Charles Stuart?" This unexpected question startled him; and Cromwell proceeding, asked him what he said to him? To which the gentleman answered, "Nothing at all." "But did he not send a letter by you?" replied the Protector. The gentleman denying this also, Cromwell took his hat from him, drew out the letter, and had the unfortunate messenger committed to the Tower.

THE CALMUCKS.

In the year 1771, the Calmucks or Torgouts, to the number of 300,000, returned to their native seats on the frontiers of the Chinese empire. The march and the return of those wandering Tartars, whose united canip consists of fifty thousand tents or families, illustrate the distant emigrations of the ancient Huns.

It was in the first century of the Christian era, that the Huns were subdued by the Sienpi, a tribe of Oriental Tartars. Above one hundred thousand persons, the poorest indeed, and the most pusillanimous of the people, were contented to remain in their native country, to renounce their peculiar name and origin, and to mingle with their conquerors. Fiftyeight hordes, about two hundred thousand men, ambitious of a more

honorable servitude, retired towards the south; implored the protection of the Emperor of China, and were permitted to inhabit and to guard the extreme frontiers of the province of Chansi, and the territory of Ortous. But the most warlike and powerful tribes of the Huns, maintained in their adverse fortune the undaunted spirit of their ancestors. The western world was open to their valor; and they resolved, under the conduct of their hereditary chieftains, to discover and subdue some remote country, which was still inaccessible to the arms of the Sienpi, and to the laws of China. The course of their emigration soon carried them beyond the mountains of Iwans, and the limits of the Chinese geography; and the two great divisions of these formidable exiles directed their march towards the Oxus, and towards the Volga.

The first of these colonies established their dominion in the fruitful and extensive plains of Sogdiana, on the eastern side of the Caspian. The second division of their countrymen, who gradually advanced towards the north-west, were exercised by the hardship of a colder climate, and a more laborious march. Necessity compelled them to exchange the silks of China, for the furs of Siberia; the imperfect rudiments of civilized life were obliterated; and the native fierceness of the Huns, was exasperated by their intercourse with the savage tribes, who were compared with some propriety to the wild beasts of the desert. As late as the thirteenth century, their transient residence on the eastern banks of the Volga, was attested by the name of Great Hungary. In the winter they descended with their flocks and herds towards the mouth of that mighty river; and their summer excursions reached as high as the latitude of Saratoff, or perhaps the conflux of the Kama. Such, at least, were the recent limits of the black Calmucks, who remained about a century under the protection of Russia; and who have, after an exile of nearly seventeen centuries, returned to the land from which they had been banished.

THE LAST OF THE STUARTS. When the last descendant of the unfortunate regal line of Stuart, the Cardinal de York, had been completely deprived of all his property by the ravages of the French in Italy, his Majesty, George the Third, settled upon him an annuity of four thousand pounds out of the privy purse; for which he received the most grateful thanks of the venerable exile, through Sir John Cox Hixpesly, who had taken an active part in recommending his misfortunes to the British monarch.

The Cardinal de York, the last of his race, died at Rome in 1807. A short time previous to his decease, he bequeathed to the Prince of Wales (George the Fourth) two objects on which he set a very high value. These were the Insignia of the Garter, which had been worn by Charles the First; and a valuable ring of very high antiquity, which had been always worn by the Kings of Scotland on the days of their coronation. His majesty no sooner heard ofhis demise than with the most benevolent and liberal

spirit he ordered a pension of two thousand pounds per annum to be paid out of the privy purse, to the Countess of Albany, the widow of the young Pretender, who was now left destitute by the death of her brother-in-law.

BISHOP OF ARRAS.

In the list of proscription with Pichegru and Georges in France, was M. de Conzies, the bishop of Arras. Bonaparte had long sought to lay hands on this prelate, who preferred poverty and exile in England, to the Roman purple and the Parisian archiepiscopacy, both of which were offered him in 1801, by the First Consul of France, and the Pope. Unalterable in his attachment to the house of Bourbon, he was made one of the principal counsellors and confidential advisers of the Count d'Artois; unprofitable offices for those who, confounding fortune with justice, regard money more than honor, but advantageous to him who follows the dictates of a disinterested conscience.

The misfortunes of his sovereign and of his country preyed on the sensitive mind of the Bishop of Arras, and deprived the world prematurely of one of its brightest ornaments, The journey of Pius VII. to Paris, and the coronation of Bonaparte, affected him deeply; and he survived but a few days the news of Napoleon's being anointed and crowned Emperor of France. As in health he had been an example of piety and constancy; during his illness he was a model of devotion and resignation. He exhorted his countrymen and fellow-sufferers, like himself, unfortunate exiles, not to deviate from that glorious though painful path they had dutifully and conscientiously entered on. He preached submission to the decrees of the Almighty, in showing the justice of that noble cause to which they had sacrificed rank, property, country, and everything but their honor. He told them never to forget the gratitude they owed to England, should religion and royalty once more prosper in France. His constant prayers were, on his death-bed, that Christ might again save his church in France, restore there the rightful and faithful to power, and convert, but not punish, the undutiful and unbelieving. It is often more glorious to deserve than to occupy a throne. His royal Highness Monsieur, with a humanity worthy of better times and better fortune, refused himself even the necessary rest to attend his trusty and affectionate servant, who had the consolation to breathe his last in the arms of his good and generous prince. Some few moments before he shut his eyes forever, he pressed the hand of Monsieur to his bosom, and, with a faint voice, faltered these his last words: "My kind prince, death is terrible to the wicked alone!"

CHEVALIER JOHNSTONE.

One of the most active partisans of the exiled House of Stuart, was the Chevalier Johnstone, the son of a merchant in Edinburgh. On the first landing of the Pretender in 1745, he flocked to his standard; and being strongly recommended by some of the leaders of the rebel army, he

received a captain's commission, and was ap pointed aide-de-camp to Lord George Murray. He bore a part in the movements of the rebel army; and at the fatal battle of Culloden charg ed on foot, leaving his horse in the care of a servant; but when the day was lost, he could find neither man nor horse. He was so much fatigued, that he was scarcely able to walk; when fortunately he got a horse, mounted it, and escaped. He wandered about for some time in the disguise of a beggar; when, in consequence of a dream, he determined, contrary to the advice of his friends, to go to Edinburgh.

At Broughty, the chevalier was rowed over the Frith by two young girls, the daughters of the landlady of the alchouse there, when the boatmen had refused. When he reached St. Andrews, he called on a Mrs. Spence, who was too much suspected to afford him an asylum, and therefore she gave him a letter to her farmer, to lend him a horse; but he refused, saying, his landlady might take his farm from him, and give it to whom she pleased; but she could not make him profane the Lord's Day, by giving his horse to one who intended to travel on the sabbath. Near Wemyss, he was secreted in a cavern, which has been called the Court Cave, on account of its having been a place of refuge to King James the Fourth.

On reaching Edinburgh, the chevalier found an asylum in the house of Lady Jane Douglas, where he remained two months, and then set off for London, disguised as a Scots pedlar. He regretted much that he did not die at Culloden, where he had so narrowly escaped; and envied the fate of his comrades who fell on the field of battle. The dread of the hangman, and punishment inflicted on all those who had the misfor tune to be taken and condemned, always haunted his imagination; aud the prospect of perishing on a scaffold, in presence of a brutal and cruel populace, almost tempted him to abridge his existence.

He remained some time in London, and afterwards embarked at Harwich with Lady Jane Douglas as her servant, and reached Helvoetsluys in safety. Towards the end of the year 1746, he repaired to Paris, where he received a pension of two thousand two hundred livres, out of the fund of forty thousand livres ordered to be distributed annually among the Scottish exiles in France.

The chevalier received a commission as ensign in the troops detached from the marine to the island of Cape Breton; he embarked at Rochelle in a vessel which was not seaworthy, and encoun tered more imminent dangers than he had done when a fugitive in Scotland. After remaining at Louisbourg until 1751, the chevalier returned to France; he afterwards went to Louisbourg, where he remained until it was captured by the English in 1758, when he escaped to Nova Scotia, and thence to Canada. Here he remained, until the subjection of these provinces by the British arms again compelled him to seek refuge in France; where he long survived most of his fellow countrymen, and died in a good old age.

CHANCES OF WAR.

THE celebrated Madame de Sevigné, in a letter to Count Bussy, says, "1 cannot comprehend how one could expose one's self a thousand times as you have done, and yet not be killed a thousand times also; I am inuch occupied to-day with this reflection. The death of M.M. Longueville, De Guitry, De Nugent, and several others; the wounds of the Prince Royal, Marcillac, Vienne, Momevel, Thevel, Count de Saxe Termer, and of a thousand unknown persons, have given me a frightful idea of war. I cannot understand the passage of the Rhine by swimming. To throw themselves in on horseback, like dogs after a stag, and neither be drowned nor killed in landing, surpasses my imagination so far, that the very thought of it is like to turn my brain. God has hitherto preserved my son; but how uncertain is the life of a soldier!"

To this letter Count de Bussy makes the following pertinent answer:

"How many think like you, madam, that military men only are mortal! The truth however 18, that war only hastens the death of some who might perhaps have lived a little longer. For my own part, I have been present on several pretty perilous occasions, without having received a single wound. My misfortunes proceed from another source, and to speak freely, I am better pleased to live less happy, than not to live at all. Many men have been killed in their first encounter, and as many in their second.

"Cosi l' ha voluto il fato."

"Such was the will of fate."

In

"But I see you all in alarm; let ine therefore assure you, madam, that one often makes several campaigns without drawing a sword; and one is often in a battle without seeing an enemy. For example, when one is in the second line, or rear guard, and the first line decides the contest, as happened in the battle of Dunes, in 1658. a field engagement, the officers of the horse run the greatest hazard; and in a siege, the officers of foot are a thousand times more exposed. But to divert your fears on this head, I shall relate a saying of Maurice, Prince of Orange, told me by Marshal Turenne. Young girls think a lover is always en état; and churchmen, that a soldier's sword is always in his hand.'

The concern you have in the army, has produced the melancholy reflections you sent me. If your son had not been there, you would have considered the passage of the Rhine without emotion; it would have appeared less rash than a bold action, and like a thousand others, would soon have been forgotten. Believe me, my dear cousin, things in general are neither great nor little, but as the mind makes them so. The swimming over the Rhine is a gallant action, but by no means so wonderful as you suppose. Two

thousand horse pass over to attack four or five hundred; the two thousand are supported by a large army and the king in person, while the four or five hundred are troops intimidated by the vigorous manner in which we began the campaign. Had the Dutch been braver, they might indeed have killed a few more men in that rencontre; but that would have been all, they must at last have been overpowered by numbers. Had the Prince of Orange been on the other side of the Rhine with his army, I am apt to think, we should not have attempted to swim over in opposition to him; if we had, the success would have been more doubtful. That, however, would have been no more than what Alexander did in passing the Granicus. He made good his passage with forty thousand men, in spite of a hundred thousand that opposed him. Had he failed, it is true, the attempt would have been branded with folly; and its success only, has made it be considered as the most gallant action in war."

Nothing indeed is more true, than that the event of war constitutes a madman or a hero. If the Count de Guiche had been repulsed in passing the Rhine, he would have suffered universal disgrace, as he was only desired to examine if the river was fordable. He wrote that it was, although it really was not so; and it was only because the passage succeeded, that he was covered with glory.

FIGHTING PRELATE.

Feter de Dreux, cousin German to the King of France, and Bishop of Beauvais, being taken in arms by Richard the First of England, was imprisoned and fettered by him for personal injuries during his own captivity. Pope Celestine III. wrote to the king a gentle remonstrating letter in favor of the prelate, which the king answered by sending the bishop's helmet and armor to Rome, with these words from the Holy Bible: "Know now whether it be thy son's coat or no." Genesis xxxvii. 32. This answer, so just and so appropriate, put a stop to the Pope's intercession, and he replied, "That the coat the king had sent, did not belong to a son of the church, but of the camp; and the prisoner, therefore, was at Richard's mercy."

MARKSMEN.

The talent of marksmen appears to have been held in considerable estimation, from the most remote ages of antiquity, and to have rendered Its possessors, although rude or unwarlike, formidable enemies, and superior to the boldest efforts of personal prowess. Little David, the Israelitish shepherd boy, proved himself an overmatch for the gigantic champion of the Philistine