known places may, together with the height or size of such distance, be easily ascertained.....A full specification of this ingenious contrivance is inserted in the 12th vol. of the work above quoted, where it is illustrated by an engraving. The last patent we shall mention,is that procured by Mr. DUDLEY ADAMS, in May, 1800: for his invention of a mode of rendering telescopes, and other optical glasses, more portable. This useful object is effected by employing certain springs, which are so contrived as to occupy the least possible space, while they render the instrument to which they may be applied, strong and steady, on being drawn out and, in order that the several glasses may acquire their true positions or distances, when such joints or tubes are drawn out, he has invented certain flaunches, for fixing and retaining them in every situation, in which an observer might find it necessary to place them. For a minute account, the curious reader is referred to the 15th vol. of the Repertory of Arts, &c. where the patentee's improvements are exemplified by a plate. TEMPERANCE,strictly speaking, denotes the virtuous practice of those, who restrain their sensual appetites: it is, however, generally used to express moderation, in which sense it is indiscriminately applied to all the passions. Temperance has been justly termed the virtue which bridles the incrdinate desires: it is, indeed, closely connected with prudence and justice. It silences calumny, and substitutes extenuation for slander; expels avarice from the bosom; and thus de monstrates that true happiness consists not in contemplating useless wealth, or indulging in ambitious pursuits, or in the gratification of a vitiated palate; but in a contented mind. The votary of temperance views with equal disgust, the sallies of unjust resentment, and those of riotous mirth: he beholds the melancholy conse quences of intemperance; learns to extinguish revenge, and every desire which humiliates a rational agent; thus proving that such virtue is the parent of many others, while it is attended with peace, prosperity, health, and satisfac tion. Without expatiating on this topic, let it suffice to observe, that it is a duty incumbent on all parents, to rear their children with a strict regard to temperance; as, by ad hering to this rule only, they are entitled to enjoy either health or longevity. Those of our readers, who are desirous of farther information on this interesting subject, will meet with judicious hints in Mr. NELSON'S Essay on the Government of Children, &c. (8vo. 58. Dodsley); and particularly in Dr. HARWOOD's little tract, entitled, "Of Temperance and Intemperance," &c. (8vo. 2s. 6d. Becket, 1774): in which their effects on the body and mind, and their influence in prolonging or shortening human life, are discussed in clear, energetic language; and confirmed by examples. TEMPERING. See CASE-HARDENING, and STEEL. TENDONS, or SINEWS, in the animal frame, are ligaments, by which the motion of the joints is performed. The principal affections of tendinous parts, proceed from exter nal violence, by which they may be wounded or lacerated. In these cases, surgical assistance ought to be immediately procured; otherwise, inflammation, fever, and even death, may be the consequence. If a tendon be partly divided, a few drops of Peruvian balsam poured into the wound, will be found an excellent remedy. But the principal relief in wounded or ruptured sinews, will be derived from keeping the limb in such a posture as to relax the muscles, and thus to facilitate the re-union of the injured part; after which, a proper bandage of fine soft flannel should be tightly passed round the limb, in order that the muscles may be retained in a state of ease, till a complete cure be accomplished. A swelling sometimes appears on the tendons, particularly those of the wrist and ankle, where it is called ganglion. Such tumors are of an elastic nature, moveable, and generally arise from external injury, rheumatism, &c. in many instances, they spontaneously disappear; but in the contrary case, friction, and gentle compression, by means of a thin plate of lead, secured by a proper bandage, will generally be sufficient to remove them. Should this treatment, however, not prove efficacious or an inflammation of the part ensue, it will be advisable not to neglect surgical aid. TENNIS, a play requiring muscular exertions, and at which a ball is driven, by means of a racket. ball is stricken by a racket; and, accordingly as it is driven into certain galleries, the game is lost or won. Tennis is played by sets, each of which comprehends six games; but, if an advantage-set be proposed, 7 successive games must be obtained, by one or other party....As, however, our limits will not permit us to enter into particulars, the inquisitive reader may consult Mr. HoYLE'S " Games Improved," by Mr. BEAUFORT (12mo. 3s.), in which the rules of tennis are fully explained. TERRA JAPONICA. See CATECHU. TERRIER, or Canis terrarius, a variety of the dog-kind, which is of different colours, being sometimes spotted, though generally of a liver, or black hue: its body seldom exceeds 18 inches in length, and the head is embellished with short, smooth, pendent cars. Terriers are very useful to agriculturists, especially for exterminating rats, pole-cats, and similar depredators. Farther, these animals are remarkable for their vigilance, and are therefore frequently employed as house-dogs; but their principal services consist in hunting badgers, foxes, rabbits, and other quadrupeds which burrow under ground; because they enter the holes of such wild creatures, and either kill or draw them out of their hiding-places.....An account of the disease to which terries are liable, the reader will find in the article Doc. This game is of French origin, and was introduced into Britain in the 17th century: it is performed in a long court, denominated a tennis-court, across which a net is 1. The GROUS: La Gelinottesuspended: through the latter, the hupee de l'Amerique, of BRISSON. [TETRAO, a genus of birds, comprehending several species, 3 of which are natives of the United States. Pinnated Grous, of LATHAM and ably, like two empty bottles strikPENNANT. These birds abound in the lower part of the state of New-Jersey, and on the bushy plains of LongIsland, state of New-York. The male crows for half an hour about day-light, and at that time erects his wing-like feathers, which commonly hang on each side of the neck. They breed in July: their chief food consists of huckleberries, and acorns of the dwarf oak. In the winter season, they resort to the pines. The female is smaller than the male, less bright in colour, and is without the wingfeathers on the neck. 2. Tetrao Tympanistes, L. The ruffed heath cock, or pheasant of Pennsylvania. A common bird throughout all North America. The male has a ruff on each side of the neck, which he raises at pleasure. The head is crested, the general plumage is brown, inclined to the rusty on the back, prettily varied with black. The black on the ruff is disposed in broad black bars. The under part of the bird, is light with large brown bars. The tail is large and expansible like a fan, in some of an ash, in others of an orange colour. The feet are feathered, toes pectinated. The female is without ruff and crest; the plumage in general is like the male. These birds are remarkable for a practice of clapping their wings, against their sides, in the mornings and evenings of spring and autumn. They swell their breasts like the pouting pigeon, and with their wings, make a noise not unlike a drum in sound, and shortning each sounding note till they run one into another undistinguish ing together. They are particularly fond, of the buds and leaves of laurel, (Kalmia latifolia,) which when eaten late in the winter, communicate a poisonous quality to the flesh....See KALMIA.] TETTERS. See RINGWORM. THEATRE, signifies the place in which spectacles, or dramatic representations, are exhibited. The drama was originally invented in Greece; whence the rules of it have been gradually dispersed over the civilized nations of Europe. It would, however, be inconsistent with our limits, to trace its progress from rudeness to refinement, or vice versa: we shall, therefore, content ourselves with remarking, that dramatic performances afford to many persons an agreeable relaxation, after the toils of their industrious pursuits. And, though play-houses have often met with violent opposition, as tending to corrupt the morals of the people; yet, if they be managed with a due regard to decorum, and moral truth, inculcating only virtuous precepts, they doubt less deserve encouragement. Indeed, the tendency of plays depends principally on the opinions, manners, and taste of the public: for, as the chief object of those who devote themselves to the stage, is the acquisition of wealth and fame, or notoriety, it follows that if such taste be gross or corrupted, the representations will also partake of the general depravity, in order to please a mixed audience: on the other hand, if the national sentiments be elevated and refined, the performances will likewise be divested of rude and licentious expressions; so that the theatre will then be fa morality. As the language of the drama ought to be alike free from affectation and ambiguity, we think it highly censurable in performers, either to extemporize, where a favourable opportunity offers for passing off a vulgar joke; or to substitute words, the meaning of which admits of an explanation unfavourable to moral purity. It would be superfluous to point out the danger of such licentiousness, especially to the young female breast, which is thus imperceptibly contaminated in the presence of parents and guardians. Nor can we approve of another singularcustom, now prevalent in our theatres; namely, that of accompanying the most serious drama, or a tragedy, with what is vulgarly called an entertainment, or a farce: thus, every grain of taste in the audience, is completely effaced; and it appears to us nearly in the same light, as if a person, after hearing an impressive discourse, retires to an adjoining tavern, in order to drown the calls of conscience, by profuse libations to Bacchus. vourable to the cause of virtue and LIUS DREBBEL, PAUL SARPI, GALILEO, and SANCTORIO; though, we believe, the person first mentioned, deserves the credit of having invented the earliest thermoscope, in the year 1638, at Alkmaar, in North Holland. It was, however, an imperfect attempt; being regulated solely by the expansion of the air; and serving at the same time as a BAROMETER; for his tube contained a mixture of water and aqua-fortis. Hence it was, in its primary state, called an air-thermometer; and, after substituting various other liquids, which were adopted by the Florentine Academy, by Sir ISAAC NEWTON, and other philosophers, but, which, on account of their uncertain properties, have long been disused, Dr. HALLEY proposed, in the year 1690, to employ quicksilver for this important purpose. DANIEL GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT, a native of Dantzig, was the first who successfully availed himself of that suggestion, in 1709; when he produced his newly graduated tube, containing the mercurial fluid...... He ascertained the artificial freezing point in the same year, during the severe winter; by observing, that a mixture of snow and salammoniac, uniformly caused spirit of wine to descend to the point marked, and no farther..... Hence, he was induced to denote such part of his cylindrical tube with Ô or zero; from this point to that of the usual temperature of the human body in a healthy state, he divided the intermediate space into 96 degrees; and thence to that of boiling water into 126°, so that the latter mark, in his scale, rises exactly to 2120. Thus, FAHRENHEIT claims not only the merit of having introduced the most scientific and con THERMOMETER, or THERMOSCOPE, an instrument for measuring, with accuracy the degrees of heat or cold in the air, water, &c.....It is probable, that the expansion and contraction of bodies, in consequence of heat and cold, afforded the first idea for the contrivance of this useful scale. The thermometer was invented early in the 17th century; and, on account of its extensive service in the arts, manufactures, and domestic life, the original merit of constructing this valuable instrument is variously attributed to CORNE [Above the o (zero) | of REAUMUR, or Below the 0 (zero) 32° of FAHREN- of REAUMUR. HEIT. Reaum. Fabren. 10 11 256 357 388 1 34 I 29 8 2 36 27 5 3 38 25 4 23 5 4.3 3 5 20 6 18 venient division of the thermometrical scale, but also that of adopting the mercurial fluid, which is doubtless the most proper, and perhaps the only one furnished by Nature, for measuring the various degrees of heat and cold, in the most accurate and sensible manner.....M. De Luc has proved, by conclusive arguments, the superiority of thermometers supplied with mercury, over those containing alkohol; and that the rising of the mercury, at all seasons, very nearly corresponds with the increase of heat. On the other hand, DE SERVIERE remarked, that the column of mercury, in a perpendicular thermometer, tends to impede the accurate motion of this metallic fluid, on account of its own specific gravity: hence, he has judiciously proposed to remedy such defect, by keeping the instrument in a horizontal position. M. DE REAUMUR, in 1730, proposed a new division of the thermometrical scale, by introducing 23 1000 parts of diluted spirits of 24 wine into his tube with the usual 25 globe, then commencing to count from 6 upwards, to the boiling point, which he marked with 80°. Such contrivance, however, hav- 29. ing been found inconvenient for calculating the different degrees of heat and cold, with sufficient accuracy, REAUMUR'S globes, with their tubes, were subsequently also furnished with mercury; and are at present chiefly employed by the French, and in some parts of Germany..... To enable the reader to form a distinct idea of the difference subsisting between the two instruments, here described, we shall subjoin a comparative table of their scales. 86 238 357 238 752 238 5 mode, the scale 2 may be continu5ed above or be7low the freezing point. |