Democratizing InnovationMIT Press, 2005 - 204 Seiten Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all. The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license. |
Inhalt
Development of Products by Lead Users 19 | |
Why Many Users Want Custom Products 33 | |
Users InnovateorBuy Decisions 45 | |
Users LowCost Innovation Niches 63 | |
Why Users Often Freely Reveal Their Innovations 77 | |
Innovation Communities 93 | |
Adapting Policy to User Innovation 107 | |
Democratizing Innovation 121 | |
Searching for Lead User Innovations | |
Toolkits for User Innovation and Custom | |
Linking User Innovation to Other Phenomena | |
Bibliography 183 | |
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Apache Apache web server benefit bikers chapter circuit commercial create custom product developed by users diffusion Economics engineers equipment example field firm’s freely reveal function heterogeneity Hippel important improvements incentives individual users industry information asymmetries information communities innovating users innovation by users innovation processes innovation-related innovations developed integrated circuits intellectual property Internet investment ipfilter kitesurfing lead users license Linux machine Management manufacturer’s modify mountain biking needs Nestlé non-LU novel open source software panels patent patent thickets PC-CAD percent physical products Posix problem product development product or service products and services profit proprietary proprietary software prototype sample semiconductor server software social welfare solution information source software projects specific sport StataCorp target market Technology toolkit for user transaction costs user firms user innovation communities user-centered innovation user-developed innovations user’s users and manufacturers willingness to pay