Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States

African languages African Pidgin English Afro-American age-grading American English American Indian Pidgin American Negro American Speech attestations basilect behavior Bibliography bidialectal Black community Black English British century child Chinese Pidgin English course creole languages Cudjo culture day names decreolized diglossia Education evidence example factor forms French Creole ghetto grammatical guage Gullah historical house servants Indian Pidgin English influence Jamaica Jamaican Creole kind lingua franca linguistic massa matter minstrel show Negro dialect Negro Non-Standard noun observers patterns phonological pidgin and creole pidgin/creole Plantation Creole Portuguese probably pronoun pronunciation records relationship relexification reported Sea Islands seems Seminole sentences Sierra Leone Krio slang social Sociolinguistic South Southern white speak speakers spoken Sranan Tongo Standard English Stewart structure teachers teaching term tion tradition United varieties of English verb Virginia vocabulary vowel white dialects words writings York zero copula