NAPOLI DI ROMANIA.

179

the passes, and a quantity of baggage and horses was lost. The 4th and 7th of August were days peculiarly fatal to the Turks.

Having collected the remnant of his army at Corinth, Machmout Pacha made a movement on the 18th, and some slight advantages were gained by the Greeks. Colocotroni now left his command to Coliopulo, with orders to watch the shattered remains of the enemy, and went to Tripolizza, to concert with the Senate about the prosecution of the campaign. Unfortunately an altercation took place, which prevented the executive from resuming their functions for some weeks; and to this circumstance may also be traced a great deal of the jealousy which has, on several occasions, retarded the interests of the confederation since the above period.

Unfortunately the Greeks had no means of following up their successes. Ipsilanti and Nicetas advanced to assist in the reduction of Napoli, which could now no longer hope for relief from the side of Corinth. Colocotroni had seized the passes of the Isthmus, determined not to abandon them before Napoli surrendered. The garrison was reduced to the extremity of want; nor was it till they had consumed all their stock of horses, that they suffered the Palamida or citadel to be surprised without the least resistance. The garrison then surrendered, on condition that they should

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END OF SECOND CAMPAIGN.

be transported to Asia Minor. The Greeks took possession on the 11th January 1822, and his Britannic Majesty's ship, Cambrian, Captain Hamilton, happening to anchor in the bay, and pitying the sad condition of the Turks, determined to receive them on board, and landed them at Scala Nova, having treated them with all possible humanity.

Another triumph awaited the Greeks, and another disaster the Turks. Want of provisions rendered a change of position necessary, and the Turks resolved to march to Patras, the blockade of which had been neglected by the Greeks. Setting out about the middle of January, about 3,000 Turks advanced near Vostizza, when Lunda, who was returning from Missolonghi with a small body of troops, appeared on the road and arrested their progress. They were soon surrounded, and obliged to surrender.

Such was the termination of the second campaign in the Morea, during which the loss of the Turks, by famine and sword, could not be less than 25,000 in the Peloponnesus alone; and their utter worthlessness to govern themselves, much less others, was never more strongly exemplified.

( 181 )

CHAPTER VI.

Affairs in Greece continued, and brought down to the end of the Third Campaign, and of the Year 1823.

THE war in Epirus was interesting on account of its drawing off the enemy from the Morea. Mavrocordato found things in Acarnania and Etolia in the greatest confusion; but, collecting about 2,000 men, he passed the Acheron, or Aspropotamos, in the latter end of June, and proceeded through Loutraki to Macrinoros. The Turks, who were posted in much greater force at Cambotti, attacked their left, occupied by part of the first regiment, on the 2d July, but were forced to retreat. Marco Bozzaris, who had accompanied the prince, being eager to succour his countrymen at Kiappa, who were pressed by the Albanians, was allowed to set forward with 600 men, although the reinforcements were not yet arrived. The Turks, being apprized of this separation by the traitor Gogo, an old Anatolian chief, attacked Bozzaris at Placa, and forced him to retreat to the mountains. The other division at Peta was then exposed to a general attack, which now took place. It was commenced by a large body of the Albanians, who were received so warmly by the Phil

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BRAVERY OF THE CEPHALONIANS.

hellenes, that great numbers fell, when Gogo abandoned the village with his followers, thereby enabling the Turks to turn the right flank of the Greeks. The Cephalonians, who acted nobly, were overpowered and driven back on the regiment of Tarilla; when the Philhellenes were also forced to give way. Mavrocordato was some leagues off from the scene of action, and when he was on his march he heard of the fatal result of the battle; upon which he was obliged to return, with the remains of the army collected at Langado. On mustering the army, the loss did not exceed 200 men, of whom nearly one fourth were officers. The only use the enemy made of the victory was to occupy Vonizza, which was the preparatory step to an expedition planned by Reschid Pacha, who had recently arrived with 4,000 Asiatic troops to put down the insurrection in Acarnania. He was, however, at variance with Omer Vrioni, and the Albanians were merely mercenaries, and not to be depended upon.

The Greeks were much disheartened by the defeat of their best troops, and the alarm was increased by the arrival of the Capitan Pacha, with a formidable fleet, at Patras. The Greek force did not exceed 1,000 men, while that of the enemy, which had seized Vonizza, was more than 4,000. The Greeks, however, took post at Catonna, to guard the passes into Acarnania.

The system of neutrality established by the

NOBLE EXPLOIT OF CANARI.

. 183 Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands was now manifested in a forcible manner. Those who took refuge in Calamos were almost exclusively old men, women, and children, and their taking possession of a barren rock, where no military post had been established, could hardly be deemed an infringement of neutrality. Yet they were forced to retrace their steps into Acarnania, which, being in the possession of the Turks, they considered as certain death. This severity had the effect of rousing the Acarnanians, and the peasantry, who had concealed themselves in the mountains, now flocked to Catouna, when the Greek force was soon doubled. Mavrocordato, who had established his head-quarters at Vracori, in order to keep up the communication with Missolonghi and the Peloponnesus, as well as to watch the motions of the Turkish fleet, gave the command to Varnachiotti, a man of wealth and influence, but who, like the infamous Gogo, was a traitor to his country.

It was at this period that the Capitan Pacha's fleet, consisting of seventy sail, of which five were of the line, appeared before Patras, and summoned the Greeks to lay down their arms; but being suddenly called away to co-operate with Machmout, and to relieve Napoli di Romania, did not wait to know the result. Of this fleet the celebrated Canari, who had been so fortunate at Scio, burned one, a seventy-four-gun ship, and the re