duced by Cary of Devon.1 Dr. Cary had also issued a pamphlet against Archbishop Usher and translated some of the church hymns into Latin, which he sought to induce his congregation to sing by printing them in fair large type on folio sheets.

1 The other was the Fruit de les Pleadings by Richard Cary of the Inner Temple, 1601.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

THE JACOBITE HOUSEHOLD AT
TOR ABBEY

In 1196, almost exactly the date given to that Adam who is the putative progenitor of the Devon Carys, another Adam left the Premonstratensian abbey of Welbeck in Nottinghamshire to become abbot of a new house of that order1 which was then established on a delectable site on Tor Bay,2 carved for that purpose out of

1 Dugdale, Monasticon (1718), ii, 192; Oliver, Monasticon Exoniensis (1846), 169, where the charters are set forth. The Premonstratensian order had been founded by St. Norbert at Prémontré in France, and followed the Rule of St. Augustine but with greater austerity. Coming to England in the time of Stephen, they there maintained, in the middle of the sixteenth century, thirty-five small houses: among these Tor Abbey was accounted the richest, its annual revenue being estimated to be £396 os 11d. Unless the Germans destroyed it, there is still in Belgium, in a park of gigantic linden trees near Aerschot, a great abbey of the Norbertine order called Tongerloo, where medieval state was maintained a few years ago.

2 See Macaulay's rhetorical description of Tor Bay, History, ii, 445. Like Clovelly, Tor Abbey (and its neighbor Cockington Court) is well known to modern tourists. Also like Clovelly again, a fishing village here grew up beside a quay from which it took its name Torquay. This village has become a fashionable watering-place, ranked in terraces above the bay with hotels and villas. "It reminds one of Newport," says an American writer quoted by Baedeker, "in the luxuriousness of its foliage, the elas

the Domesday manor of Tor, since known successively as Tor Brywere and Tor Mohun. It adjoined immediately on Cockington, which is named as a boundary in the charter. Tor1 Abbey was one of the pious foundations (as his arms carved on a surviving gate-house still testify) of a supple politician, William Brewer, who flourished under four kings, was one of the lord justices left by Richard I to govern England during his absence on crusade, and an outspoken contemner of Magna Carta.

The canons of Tor Abbey did not live secluded in mysticism or even in luxury, but were hardworking and businesslike parsons. In Devon as elsewhere their order was respected not only for their diligence in parochial duties, supplying distant as well as nearby parishes, but as traders: at Tor Abbey they were enrolled as members of the merchants' gild at Totnes. Their domestic life was not always peaceful, however. In 1390 the Abbot William Norton was an autocrat and was charged with actually beheading one of his canons for some petty offense. Although Dr. Oliver has demonstrated

ticity of its lawns and the masses of its flowers." The exuberant fertility of its soil is due partly to a protected position and partly to the decaying red sandstone.

1 The name is spelled on the two seals of the abbey, as depicted by Dr. Oliver, progressively Tore and Torre, but appears also as Thor and Thorre in charters. The Carys perpetuate the antique spelling, Torre. We have followed Dr. Oliver's simpler usage, which has been generally accepted, as in Tor Bay and Torquay.