hended there and brought before the Duke of Glocester, sitting that day as Constable of England, & the Duke of Norfolk as Marshall, were all arraigned, condemned and judged to dye, and accordingly upon the Tuesday being the seventh of May they were all and twelve other Knights more, on a scaffold set up in the middle of the town, beheaded, but not dismembered, and permitted to be buried. The same day Queen Margaret was found in a poore house of Religion, not far from thence, into which she was fled for safeguard of her life; but she was after brought to London and there kept a prisoner, till her Father ransomed her with great sums of money. This was the last pitch battell that was fought in England in King Edward the Fourth's dayes, which happened on the fourth of May, being Saturday, in the eleventh year of his reign, and the year of our Lord 1471.1

1 The present editor has chosen to quote Sir Richard Baker's account of the battle of Tewkesbury, not for its authority, though in this instance he is good enough, but for love of an old book which has pleasant associations. It will be remembered that Baker went through many editions, being a favorite among country gentlemen, though not so much esteemed by the learned: that Sir Roger de Coverley had "drawn many observations together out of his reading in Baker's Chronicle and other authors, who always lie in his hall window." (Spectator, No. 269.) The copy from which the above extract was made is of the second edition (1653) and once was among the books of Colonel William Fairfax at Belvoir on the Potomac in Virginia. There it may well have been read by young Colonel George Washington, who drew often on his neighbor's library. It is not impossible that in later years at the battle of Monmouth, when General Charles Lee failed him, as Lord Wenlock is represented to have failed the Duke of Somerset at Tewkesbury, "through cowardice or treachery," Washington may have remembered this passage in Baker's Chronicle and wished that he might treat Lee as Somerset treated Wenlock. As it was he had to be content to "swear until the leaves trembled upon the trees."

The best modern account of the battle of Tewkesbury, based on all the chronicles and a study of local topography, is by Canon Bazeley in Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucester Archeological Society, xxvi (1903), 173. Of course everyone remembers Shakespeare's pictures in The Third Part of King Henry VI, act v, scs. 4 and 5.

We do not know whether Sir William Cary reached England with Queen Margaret and the prince, or, preceding her, had returned earlier in that year with Edmund Beaufort, who, since his brother's death at Hexham, had been recognized by the Lancastrians as fourth Duke of Somerset and is so called in the chronicles. It is probable that they canvassed Devon together and brought in to Margaret at Beaulieu the nucleus of the army which was overthrown at Tewkesbury. For the tale of those of the Lancastrians who survived the encounter and despite the king's pardon had to die at the demand of that ruthless dwarf who came to be known as Richard III, we will supplement Baker and turn to another and this time a contemporary chronicler:

And these were taken and behedede afterwarde where the Kynge had pardoned them in the Abbey Cherche of Teukesbury by a prest that turnyd oute at his messe and the sacrament in his handys, whanne Kynge Edward came with his swerde into the chirche, requyrede hyme by the vertu of the sacrament that he schulde pardone alle tho whos names here folowe: The Duke of Somersett, the Lord of Seynt Jhones, Sere Humfrey Audeley, Sere Gervis of Clyftone, Sere William Gremyby, Sere William Cary, Sere Thomas Tresham, Sir William Newburgh, Knyghts, Herry Tresham, Walter Curtenay, Jhon Florey, Lowes Myles, Robart Jacksone, James Gowere, James Delvis, sonne and heire to Sere John Delvis: which upon trust of the Kynge's pardon, yevene in the same Chirche the Saturday, abode ther stille when thei myght

have gone and savyd ther lyves: which one Monday aftere were behedede, notwitstandynge the Kynge's pardone.1

And so another Cary fell a victim to another Duke of Gloucester. The very name Gloucester should be ominous to all who have Cary blood in their veins.

It will be recalled that Baker records the tradition that Gloucester's Tewkesbury victims were beheaded but not dismembered and were permitted to be buried. The earliest of the numerous Cary monuments in the church at Clovelly exhibits Sir William Cary's arms impaled with those of Paulet.2 It is altogether probable that Sir William Cary's eldest son at some time, if not immediately after the battle, piously reclaimed his father's body and reburied it in Clovelly Church.

1 Warkworth's Chronicle in Bohn, Chronicles of the White Rose, 1845, 127. This list of the names of those "behedede" after Tewkesbury is confirmed by another, which includes "Sir William Carre," found among the Paston papers (Gairdner, Paston Letters, 1910, iii, 9). Sir Clements Markham (Richard III, 1906) gives still another list including "Sir Hugh Carey," but does not cite his source. It should be remembered that those who so "suffered" had all been attainted of new treason after having accepted pardon at the hands of Edward IV, and that they were now regularly, if summarily, tried and the fact proved before a constitutional court, that of the Lord Constable (Gloucester) and the Earl Marshal (Norfolk), a court which is mentioned by Sir John Fortescue in his De Laudibus. It is clear that after Tewkesbury, Edward IV pardoned many of the Lancastrian captains who were engaged, including, e.g., a Fulford, but it may be fairly assumed that they were guilty only of a first offense: this may have led to the unreasonable conclusion that the pardon included the attainted "traitors" as suggested by Warkworth and other chroniclers.

2 Dymond, H. & G., vi, 6.

CHAPTER EIGHT

THE COMPOSTELA PILGRIM

There is a strong contrast to the turbulent, unsatisfied life of Sir William Cary of Cockington, of the tenth generation, in that of his eldest son Robert Cary of Clovelly (1457-1540).

The one frequented courts and spent seven years beyond the sea in exile in an atmosphere of intrigue and selfishness; the other was a pious, home-keeping, respected country gentleman, who, except for his pilgrimage to Compostela, could say with the Vicar of Wakefield, "All our adventures were by the fire-side, and all our migrations from the blue bed to the brown." The one was beheaded for treason at the age of thirty-four because he could not live under two kings; the other rounded out fourscore years and three, having lived, like another vicar, him of Bray, serenely and comfortably, under no less than six kings of three successive dynasties.

Robert Cary was born, as he says in his will,1 at Hinton St. George, the seat of his maternal 1 The original is among the Tor Abbey muniments. (See H. & G., vi, 9.)