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peasantry who occupied and cultivated the greater part of the land. At some little distance from the village stood the manor hall or barton, with its outbuildings, garden and fish pond, surrounded by clay built walls with thatched tops. . . The house itself was built of timber and clay. . . . It often consisted of a single hall plastered inside, open to the roof and earthfloored, which served as court of justice, dining room and bed chamber. At one end of the central room was a stable: at the other a chamber, kitchen or larder. Below one part of the ground floor was a cellar: above another part was, perhaps, a "solar" or parlor, approached by an outside stairThe outbuildings consisted of bake house, stables, dairy, cattle and poultry houses, granary and dove cote.1

case.

Turning now to the lords of this manor of Kari, we are able to see, in the Domesday entry, the fortunate Juhel "de Totonais" taking possession of one small item of the lordship granted him by the Conqueror as his dividend of the spoils of a great adventure. We see also the tragedy of the expulsion of the Saxon Chenestan from his patrimony and the introduction in his room of another Breton, Waldin, clearly a follower of Juhel and a less successful manager than his Saxon predecessor. The evidence of their names is all these two minor actors have left us of their lives. Chenestan may have been one of the comparatively few Devon men who supported Harold and his family and paid the price of his loyalty, for the Domesday book reveals an unusually large proportion of Saxons left in possession of their lands in Devon and 1 Prothero, English Farming Past and Present, 1912, 5.

the explanation is found in the hostility of Devon to Harold. One may think of Chenestan living on and working as a villein on the lands of which he was once lord, like Melibaus or Ofellus.1

Mr. Freeman2 indulges in the stimulating conjecture that the Breton adventurers who swarmed after the Conqueror were descendants of Britons who in the fifth century had fled before the Saxon to Armorica and so were now returning "home." If Waldin's ancestors may thus have once dwelt in Devon there is no proof that the race maintained their new foothold. It is, of course, possible that Waldin's blood passed with the title of the manor through the marriage of an heiress, but so far as the record goes his family disappeared from Devon in the next generation when Juhel's son was in trouble with the crown.

We have no further record of Kari until 1166, when one Hugh de Carevill held 5% fees "of the tenement of Totnes," which by 1205 had passed to a Norman family of Pipard, of whom the several contemporary representatives were then grouped generically as Pipardenses. In 1 Virgil, Eclogue, i, and Horace, Satire, ii, 2. 2 Norman Conquest, iv, 144, 173.

3 Liber Niger, 125.

4 Devon Feet of Fines, 1196-1272 (ed. Reichel for Devon and Cornwall Record Society), No. 56. The Pipards may be identified at Caen in Normandy long after the English conquest. (Norman Exchequer Rolls, ed. T. Stapleton for London Society of Antiquaries, 1844, ii, pp. lxxiv, clviii.) When they emigrated to England, probably at the accession of Henry II, one of them established himself in Buckinghamshire. This branch rose higher than that of Devon, appearing as sheriff and holding high office at court

1238, 1243, and 1249 there are glimpses of one of this family, William Pipard, holding several of these manors of the honour of Totton, including Cary,' as the name now reappears. In 1286 Thomas Pipard2 had recently died seized of, among others, the manor of Cary, and was succeeded by his son William,3 who died under age in 1300 and was followed by his uncle John Pipard,* aged thirty, brother of Thomas. In 1346 another William had succeeded to possession of the same properties. With this last William the Pipard name seems to have lapsed in Devon, for it is recorded that at the end of the fourteenth century the heiress of the Devon Pipards married Roger de Lisle and became the ancestress of many baronial families. At all events, when the Domesday Kari next appears in the records, in 1428, it is held by Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, and John Donworthy in succession to the last William Pipard."

under Henry III. Later, Ralph Pipard of Rotherfield Pipard, Oxon, was summoned to Parliament as a baron in 1298. (The Red Book of the Exchequer, ii, 558; the Pipe Rolls of Henry II passim; Dugdale, Baronage, 1675, ii, 8; Burke, Extinct Peerages, 421; G. E. C., vi, 252.) For Pipard in Devon, temp. Henry II and thereafter, see Pole, Collections, 180, 263, 328, 352; Lysons, Devon, clxviii, 55; Cleveland, Battle Abbey Roll, iii, 321. These Pipards bore arms Arg., 3 bars gemelleş az.

1 Devon Feet of Fines, Nos. 308 and 463: Testa de Nevill, fol. 798. 2 Ing. p.m., 14 Edw. I, No. 26, in Calendarium Genealogicum, Rolls Series, 1865.

3 Ing. p.m., 28 Edw. I, No. 37.

4 Burton's List of Knights' Fees and Tax Roll for Devon, 31 Edw. I, ed. Reichel, Transactions Devon Association, xxviii, 483; xxxi, 376. 5 Feudal Aids, 405.

6 Ibid., 449.