RULES. 7. One substantive governs another signifying a different person or thing, in the genitive. 8. If the latter of two substantives have an adjective of praise or dispraise, joined with it, it may be put either in the genitive or ablative. 9. An adjective in the neuter gender without a substantive, governs the genitive. 10. Opus and Usus, signifying need, require the ablative. 11. Verbal adjectives, and such as signify an affection of the mind, govern the geni tive. noctis. Jesus Christus, filius Dei, est Salvator mundi. Cicero, orator, fuit consul Romæ. Numa Pompilius erat rex secundus Romanorum. Ille fuit vir magnæ prudentiæ. Ego sum publicus nuncius populi Romani; verbis meis fides sit. Ancus Marcius erat nepos Numa Pompilii, similis avo æquitate et religione. Augustus est puer probâ indole. Petrus est vir minimi pretii. Est homo nullius stipendii. Est ager trium jugerum. Es bono animo. Capite aperto est. Cervice obvoluta est. Johannes est adolescens eximia spe, summæ virtutis. Paulus est vir præstantis ingenii-præstanti ingenio-præstans ingenio-præstans ingenii. Os humerosque deo similis sit. Esto forti animo. Vox populi est vox Dei. Hæc est domus Cæsaris. Facilis est descensus Averni. Multum pecuniæ est illi. Plus eloquentiæ est tibi. Est nobis minus sapientiæ. Est vobis nihil sinceri. Quid rei est illis? Quicquid ingenii sit mihi. Per hoc Ad hoc ætatis. Circum id loci. Libri permulti sunt Eadem mens est mihi, eadem tibi. Nobis est opus pecuniâ. Vobis est usus viribus. Dux nobis opus sit. Nobis exempla opus sunt. Est regis. Pecus est Meliboi. Hæc sunt hominis. Temeritas est florentis ætatis, prudentia scnectutis. Tuum est. Meum fuisset. Suum sit. Vestrum fuerit. Nostrum erit. Est regium. Est humanum. Lex naturæ est universalis. Illi est summa prudentia juris. Quorum magna pars fui. Liber mei est novus. Liber tui est novellus. Salus populi est suprema lex. Hoc est tuum munus. Hoc est tui muneris. Liber deest mihi. Libri desunt mihi. Præfuit exercitui. Adfuit precibus. Mali nec prosunt sibi, nec aliis. Est mihi voluptati. Est tibi exemplo. Horatius fuit cupidus pacis. Cato fuit tenax propositi. Cicero fuit amans patriæ. Cæsar fuit ritus literarum. Petrus est memor beneficiorum. Petrus est avidus gloriæ. Paulus est ignarus fraudis. Memor esto brevis ævi. Catilina fuit audax ingenii. Est sapientis esse contentum sua sorte. Hic est assuetus labore in omnia. Nos sumus insueti moribus Romanis. Fœminæ sunt desuetæ bello, et triumphis. Una sororum fuit pulchra. Ule est aliquis philosophorum. Uterque nostrum fuit ibi. Quis vestrum est senior fratrum? Cicero fuit optimus consulum. Sunt lecti juvenum. O sancte deorum. Ille est vir præstantissimus nostræ civitatis. Poeta est utilis urbi. Hic puer est similis suo patri. Lex fuit perniciosa Reipublicæ. Censura est facilis cuivis. Hoc est commune mihi tecum. Mens est mihi sibi conscia recti. Regi dicto audiens erat. Superbia est aliena dignitati. Nemo est immunis vitio. Omnes sunt proni ad vitium. Hic puer est dignus laude. Sapiens est contentus sua sorte. Dux est præditus virtute. Stultus est captus mente. Homo superbus sapientiâ est stultissimus. Æneas fuit ortus Anchise. Omnia plena sunt Dei. Non inopes temporis, sed prodigi sumus. Lentulus non est verbis inops. Omnium consiliorum ejus, participes fuimus. Quando erimus vacui molestiâ? Nihil insidiis est vacuum pe lile est doctus grammaticæ. Hic est patiens algoris. Sapientia est melior gemmis. Nihil est dulcius libertate. Nihil fuit facundius Cicerone. Tu es nihilo melior alio. Amor non est medicabilis herbis. Via lethi est calcanda semel omnibus. Hic liber est mei fratris. Hæc toga erat tua. Jacobus et Johannes, qui sunt mortui, fuerunt fratres. Jupiter est omnibus idem. Peripatetici quondam iidem erant qui Academici. Est animus erga te idem ac fuit. Res est soliciti plena timoris amor. Maxima quæque domus servis est plena superbis. Amor et melle et felle est fœcundissimus. Anna est amanda omnibus. Mors est terribilis malis. Pax est optabilis omnibus. Adhibenda est nobis diligentia. Bella matribus detestata sunt. Deus est venerandus et colendus à nobis. Mors Crassi est à multis defleta. Pedibus longè melior fuit Lycus. Dum anima est, spes est. Donec eris felix, sunt tibi multi amici. Fuit olim quasi ego sum, senex. Nihil abest quin sim miserrimus. En hostis. Ecce signum. Ecce miserum hominem. Ecce duas aras tibi, Daphni. O vir bone! O vir fortis atque amicus! Heu me miserum! Heu vanitas humana! Hei mihi! Vo vobis! Proh hominum fidem! Proh Sancte Jupiter! Et ego sum in culpa, et tu. Nihil hic nisi carmina desunt. Mens, ratio, et consilium in senibus sunt. Etsi sit liberalis, tamen non est profusus. Non bonus est somnus de prandio. Ah virgo infelix! O crudelis Alexi! Es penes te? Lentæ adversus imperia aures fuerunt. Hic illius arma, hic currus fuit. Timor Domini est initium sapientiæ. Facies rerum est mutata. Quantum nummi sit ubivis, tantum fidei est etiam ibidem. Ubi plurimum est studii, ibi est minimum strepitûs. O, Fons Blandusiæ, splendidior vitro. Nil mortalibus arduum est. Sine amore jocisque nil est jucundum. O cives, quærenda pecunia est primum, Virtus post nummos. Sapientissimus philosophorum est aliquando deceptus. Heliodorus fuit longè doctissimus Græcorum. Stertinius, octavus sapientium, erat Stoicus. Satis est verborum ubique gentium, ergo virtutis. Rex, Solomon, fuit sapientior omnibus. Pax est melior bello. Cicero fuit candidior Cæsare. Dux est major milite. Cortex Peruvianus est efficax contra febrim. Fuit Ciceroni mentis ad omnia capacitas. Sunt ebrii omnes ad unum. In vino est veritas. Tu es homo ad unguem factus. Hæ sunt herbæ ad lunam messæ. Ira est brevis, et ad tempus. Nebula erat ad multum diei. Est mihi fides apud illum. Adversus infimos justitia est servanda. Sunt clamosi ab ovo usque ad mala. Est calor à sole. Fuissent omissiores de re Erat Caio Mario ingenuarum artium et liberalium studiorum contemptor animus. Lucius Cornelius Scylla, patricio genere natus, bello Jugurthino quaestor Marii fuit; vir ingentis animi, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriæ cupidior; literis Græcis atque Latinis eruditus, et virorum literatorum multùm amans. Est mihi nomen Alexandro. Ducitur honori tibi. Id vertitur mihi vitio. Petrus et Johannes, qui sunt docti, fuerunt studiosi. RULES. 19. The compounds of Sum, except Possum, govern the dative. 20. Words of the comparative degree govern the ablative when quam is omitted in Latin. 21. Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives, and other adverbs. 22. Some adverbs of time, place, and quantity, govern the genitive. 23. The prepositions ad, apud, ante, &c. govern the accusative. 24. The prepositions a, ab, abs, &c. govern the ablative. 25. The prepositions in, sub, super, and subter, govern the accusative, when motion to a place is signified; but when motion or rest in a place is signified, in and sub govern the ablative; super and subter either the accusative or ablative. 26. The interjections O, heu, proh, and some others, govern the nominative, accusa EXERCISES. Accuso, to accuse. Animo, to encourage. Assevero, to affirm. Laboro, to labour. Lego, to send an embassy Odore, to perfume. Perfect, may Amarēmus, we might love, Amaverimus, we may have loved, Amaveritis, ye may have loved, Amaverint, they may have loved. could, or should have loved. 1. Amāverim, I may have loved, 2. Amaveris, thou mayest have loved, 3. Amaverit, he may have loved; Pluperfect, might, would, 1. Amāvissem, I might have loved, Amavissemus, we might have loved, 2. Amavisses, thou mightest have loved, Amavissetis, ye might have loved, 3. Amavisset, he might have loved; Amavissent, they might have loved. Future, shall have loved. Pres. Amare, to love. Perf. Amavisse, to have loved. Fut. Esse amaturus, to be about to love, Fuisse amaturus, to have been about to love. QUESTIONS ON ADAM'S LATIN GRAMMAR; SIMPLIFIED BY ALLEN FISK. INTRODUCTION. (Page 67.) What is grammar? Latin grammar? Of what do sentences, words and syllables consist? LETTERS. What is a letter? What is orthography? Which English letter is wanting in Latin? How many vowels? How many consonants? What is a simple sound? What is an articulate sound? Into what are consonants divided? Why is a mute so called? Which are the mutes? Of what is a made up? What is said of z? DIPTHONGS. What is a dipthong? a proper dipthong and an improper? Repeat the proper; and the improper. In the improper which vowel is heard? SYLLABLES. What is a syllable? How many syllables in a word? What is the exception? Why? What is a monosyllable? a dissyllable? a polysyllable? How are we directed in dividing words? How are compound words divided? How is a long syllable marked? how a short? N. B. A circumflex accent marks a contraction. See page 175 for the definition of penult, and antepenult and page 182 for the accents, and learn the following THREE RULES FOR ACCENTS. 1. All dissyllables have the accents on the first. 2. Long penultimates always have the accent on them. 3. Short penultimate's throw the accent on the antepenultimate. WORDS. What are words? What is etymology? or analogy? What are the divisions of words? What is the figure of words? What the species? What is a simple word? What is a compound word? What is a primitive word? and a derivative? The classes of words are called what? PARTS OF SPEECH. How many and what are the parts of speech? When is a word said to be declined? What is termination? What are accidents? What is said of the want of the article? NOUN. What is a noun? Is the adjective properly called a noun? or a different part of speech? Why have the adjective and noun been comprehended under the same general name? SUBSTANTIVE. What is a substantive or noun ? May a proper name be used for a common? How are relations expressed in English? How is a Latin noun declined? How many genders? Name them? cases? What are cases? Why so called? numbers? declensions? How distinguished? What is the termination of the genitive singular in the first declension? In the second? In the third? The fourth? And the fifth? GENERAL RULES OF DECLENSION. Repeat the first general rule. What is the second? The third? The fourth? What cases are alike? In neuters? In all nouns ? What is the remark on Greek nouns? How are the cases of Latin nouns expressed in English? What is the sign of the nominative? genitive? da tive? accusative? vocative? ablative? Of what case is of, the sign? to? for? with? in or by? O? GENDER. Explain what is meant by gender. How do grammarians distinguish genders? What is the first general rule for gender? What is the second? and the third? Repeat the list of nouns of the common gender. Which of these change their termination? Which nouns that are applied to both sexes are al ways masculine? and which neuter? and which feminine? What is the first observation? Give examples. What is the second observation? What gender are the names of months, winds, rivers and mountains? Why? The exception? What gender are the names of countries, towns, trees and ships? Why? The first exception? the second exception? the third? the fourth? What is the third observation? What is meant by doubtful gender? Does cominon gender apply to any nouns except the names of males and females? FIRST DECLENSION. (See page 10.) How do nouns of this declension end? How do Latin nouns end? What are the terminations of the different cases? Decline musa, without the English. Decline musa, a song, with the English. Decline bona, good, in the same manner. Decline bona musa, a good song, with the English, singular and plural. Write it on the slate. How do you say a good song in Latin? nominative and accusative? songs? of a good song? to or for a good song? songs? with a good song? songs? What case is of a good song? to a good song? with, in, or by, a good song? Write on the slate the declension of the following words: atra cura, black care. (See page 11.) magna stella, a great star. pretiosa gemma, a precious jewel. with the English. How do you say, with black cares? O great stars? of precious jewels? Dat. Aulaibus, Acc. Aulaes, contracted Aulas, &c. What does a circumflex accent mark? (Line 11, page 191.) What illustration is here found? Ans. Gen. Aulâs, like familiâs, and aulâ. For what is aulâ contracted. Ans. For aulae. What other proof of this old form remains? Ans. The dative and ablative plural of the nouns mentioned in the third exception? What are those nouns? How declined? Why so declined? How many nouns are mentioned in the third exception? What others may be added? Ans. Socia and Domina. Write the declension of filia, daughter, in full. Becline formosa, beautiful, like musa. Decline formosa filia, with the English. How do you say in Latin, a beautiful daughter? of a beautiful daughter? to a beautiful daughter? How do you say, with or to beautiful daughters? Which terminations of the first declension are Greek? What gender? Decline Eneas. Has it any plural? Why not? (4th General rule.) How does the accusative vary? Decline Ossa. Where is Ossa? How is Anchises declined? Why does it want the plural? Decline Penelope. How many syllables has Pe-nel'o-pe? Why? (Ans. 2d question under syllables.) How are Greek nouns in es and e changed? Give examples. How is the genitive plural contracted? What marks a contraction? N. B. A Geographical Exercise, on the names mentioned in the Grammar may be introduced with advantage. SECOND DECLENSION. (Page 10.) What is the termination of the genitive? dat. and abl. acc.? vocative? How many simple nouns in ir? and ur? What nouns lose e in the genitive? What is the example? Distinguish liber, bark, from liber, free, by the declension; by the quantity. How is liber, a book, pronounced? Ans. short i. How is liber, free, pronounced? Ans. long i. What examples in us and um are given? How are they declined? Write them. Write bonus puer, with the English in full. What is the nominative case? the genitive? and the other cases? What is the English of bonus puer? What is the Latin of a good boy? and so on through. the cases in Latin and English. Decline and write bonum donum, pulcher liber, be nignus gener, doctus vir, a learned man. EXCEPTIONS IN GENDER. What nouns are feminine? To these what is added? Why? Other names of jewels and plants are what gender? What nouns are either masculine or feminine? What nouns are neuter? Which one masculine or neuter? EXCEPTIONS IN DECLENSION. What is the rule for the vocative of proper names in ius, with filius and genius? Decline Deus. What is the vocative of Deus? and of meus? How do other nouns in ius make the vocative? How do the poets make the vocative of nouns in us? Does this occur in prose? Explain the contraction of nouns in the genitive singular? and plural? GREEK NOUNS. What terminations of the second declension are Greek, and how are they changed? What terminations are contracted? How are nouns in os declined? How do some neuters make the genitive plural? THIRD DECLENSION. How many final letters in the termination of nouns of this declension? How many peculiar to this declension? Name them. Which are common to other declensions? Which are Greek? What are the terminations of the cases? How are nouns of this declension known? Decline the examples given on the 10th page. What case is sermonis? Why? What case is sermoni? Can you write this declension with the English? How do you say with speeches in Latin? of heads? to journeys? in seats? on rocks? with stones? Why does iter make itineris in the genitive? Ans. Because contracted from itiner. Decline lenis sermo, a mild speech. Write it. Decline felix iter, a happy journey. Write it. |