with a net; vepres, m. a briar: Plur. Ambages, -ibus ; compedes, -ibus; caffes, -ium; vepres, -ium, &c.

3. Some are used in two cafes only, and therefore salled diptota as, neceffe or -um, neceffity; volupe or volup, pleasure; inftar, likeness, bigneis; aftu, a town; hir, the palm of the hand; in the nom. and acc. fing.; vefper, m. abl. vefpere or vefperi, the evening; firemps, the fame, all alike, abl. firempfe ; fpontis, f. in the genitive, and Sponte in the ablative, of its own accord; so impětis, m. and impěte, force; verbĕris, n. genit. and verbère, abl. a stripe ; in the plural entire; verbera, verberum, verberibus, &c. re petundarum, abl. repetundis, fc, pecuniis, money unjustly taken in the time of one's office, extortion; fuppetia, nom. pl. fuppetias in the acc. help; inferia, inferias, lacrifices to the dead.

4. Several nouns are only used in three cafes, and therefore called triptōtaļas, prěci, precem, prece, f. a prayer, from prex, which is not used; in the plural it is entire, preces, precum, precibus, &e. Feminis, gen. from the obfolete femen, the thigh; in the dat. and abl. fing; in the nom. acc. and voc. plur. femina. Dica, a process, acc. fing. dicam, plur. dicas; tantundem, nom. and acc. tantidem, genit. even as much. Several nouns in the plural want the genitive, dative, and ablative; as, biems, rus, thus, metus, mel, far, and most nouns of the fifth de clenfion.

To this clafs of defective nouns may be added these neuters, melos, a fong; mele, fongs; epos, a heroic poem ; cacoëthes, an evil cuftom; cete, whales; Tempe, plural, a beautiful vale in Theffaly, &c. used only in the nom, acc. and voc.; alfo grates, f. thanks.

5. The following nouns want the nominative, and of confequence the vocative, and therefore are called tetraptota: vicis, f. of the place or ftead of another; pecudis, £. of a beaft; fordis, f. of filth; ditionis, f. of dominion, power; opis, f. of help. Of thefe, pecudis and fordis have the plural entire: ditionis wants it altogether: vicis is not ufed in the genitive plural; opes in the plural, generally fignifies wealth, or power, feldom help. To thefe add nex, flaughter; daps, a difh of meat; and frux, corn;

hardly used in the nominative fingular, but in the plural moftly entire.

6. Some nouns only want one cafe, and are called pentaptōta: thus, os, the mouth; lux, light; fax, a torch, together with fome others, want the genit. plur. Chaos, n. a confused mafs, wants the genit. fing. and the plural entirely; dat. fing. chao. So, fatias, i. e. fatietas, a glut or fill of any thing. Situs, a fituation, naftiness, of the fourth decl. wants the genit. and perhaps the dative fing. alfo the gen. dat. and abl. plur.

Of nouns defective in number there are various forts.

1. Several nouns want the plur. from the nature of the things which they exprefs. Such are the names of virtues and vices, of arts, herbs, metals, liquors, different kinds of corn, most abstract nouns, &c. as, juftitia, justice; ambitus, ambition; aflus, cunning; musica, mufic; apium, parfley; argentum, filver; aurum, gold; lac, milk; triticum, wheat; hordeum, barley; avēna, oats; juventus, youth, &c. But of these we find feveral fometimes used in the plural.

2. The following mafculines are hardly ever found in the plural.

Humus, -i, the ground.

Lues, -is, a plague.

Plebs, plebis, the common people.

Pubes, -is, the youth.

Quies, -ētis, rest.

Salus, -utis, fafety.

Sitis, -is, thirft.

4. These neuters are seldom used in the plural:

Lutum, -i, clay.

Diluculum, -i, the dawning of day. Nihil, nihilum, or nil, nothing.

Album, -i, a lift of names.

Ebur, -ŏris, ivory.

5. Many nouns want the fingular. Such are the names of feasts, books, games, and several eities; as,

Apollinares, -ium, games in honour
of Apollo.
Bacchanalia, -ium, the feafts of
Bacibus.

Bucolica, -orum, a book of paftorals.

Olympia, -orum, the Olympic games. Syracufæ, -arum, Syracufe. Hierofolyma, -orum, Jerusalem ; or Hierofolyma, æ, of the firft declensions

6. The following mafculines are hardly used in the

fingular :

Cancelli, lattices.

Cani, gray hairs.

Celeres, -um, the light-horfe.
Codicilli, writings.

Dryades, -um, the nymphs of the
woods.

Druïdes, -um, the Druids, priefs of

the ancient Britons and Gauls. Decimæ, tithes.

Fafti, -orum, or faftus, -uum, cal-
lendars, in which were marked
feftival days, the names of magis-
trates, c.
Fori, the batches of a fhip, feats in
the Circus, or the cells of a bee-bive.
Hyǎdes, -um, the feven fars.
Ineptiæ, filly flories.

Inferi, the gods below.

Liberi, children.

Pofteri, pofterity.

Superi, the gods above,

Caffes, -ium, a bunter's net.
Fafces, -ium, a bundle of rods, ear-
ried before the chief magiftrates of
Rome.

Fines, -ium, the borders of a country,
or a country.
Furfures, -um, fcales in the bead.
Lemůres, -um, bobgoblins, or spirits
in the dark.
Majores, -um, ancestors.
Minores, -um, fucceffors.
Natāles, -ium, parentage.
Proceres, -um, the nobles.
Pugillares, -ium, writing-tables.
Sentes, -ium, thorns.
Vepres, -ium, briars.

Vergiliæ, the feven flars.

7. The following feminines want the fingular number:

Alpes, -ium, the Alps.
Anguftiæ, difficulties.
Apinæ, gewgaws.

Gades, -ium, Cadiz.
Gerræ, trifles.

Induciæ, a truce.

Parietinæ, ruinous

walls. Partes, -ium, a party.

8. The following neuter nouns want the fingular :

Magalia, -ium, cottages.

Tranftra, the feats where the rower's fit in fhips.

Several nouns in each of the above lifts are found alfo in the fingular, but in a different sense; thus, caftrum, a castle; litera, a letter of the alphabet, &c.

III. REDUNDANT NOUNS.

Nouns are redundant in different ways: 1. In termination only; ; as, arbos and arbor, a tree. 2. In declenfion only; as, laurus, genit. lauri, and laurus, a laurel tree, fequefter, -tri, or tris, a media. tor. 3. Only in gender; as, hic or hoc vulgus, the rabble. 4. Both in termination and declenfion; as, materia, -æ ; or materies, -iči, matter; plebs, -is, the common people, or, plebes, -is, -ëi, or contracted plebi. 5. In termination and gender; as, tonitrus, -ûs, masc. tonitru, neut. thunder. 6. In declenfion and gender; as, penus,-i, and us, m. or f. or penus, -õris, neut. all kinds of provifion. 7. In termination, gender, and declenfion; as, ather, -ĕris, mafc. and ethra, -a, fem. the sky. 8. Several nouns in the fame declenfion are differently varied; as, tigris, -is, or -idis, a tiger: to which may be added, nouns which have the fame fignification in different numbers; as, Fidēna, -a; or Fidena, -arum, the name of a city.

The most numerous clafs of redundant nouns confifts of those which exprefs the fame meaning by different terminations; as, menda, -æ ; and mendum, -i, a fault; cassis, -idis; and caffida, -da, a helmet. So,

Acinus, & -um, a grape stone.
Alvera, & -e, & -ium, a bee-hive.
Amarăcus, & -um, fweet marjo

Colluvies, & -io, filth, dirt.
Compages, & -go, a joining.
Conger, & -grus, a large eel.
Crocus, & -um, Saffron.
Cubitis, & -um, a cubit.
Diluvium, & -es, a deluge.
Elephantus, & -as, -antis, an ele
pbant.

Elěgus, & -ëia, an elegy.
Efsěda, & -um, a chairot.
Eventus, & um, an event.
Fulgetra, ct -um, lightning.
Galērus, & -um, a hat.

Gibbus, & -a; & -er, -ĕris, or cri,
a bunch, a a favelling.
Glutinum, & -ep, glue,