Obf. 2. The perfect participles of deponent verbs are not used in the ablative abfolute; as, Cicero locutus bæc confedit, never bis locutis. The participles of common verbs may either agree in cafe with the fubftantive before them, like the participles of deponent verbs, or may be put in the ablative absolute, like the participles of pasfive verbs; as, Romani adepti libertatem foruerunt; or Romani, libertate adepta, floruerunt. But as the participles of common verbs are seldom taken in a passive sense, we therefore find them =rarely used in the ablative abfolute.

Obf. 3. The participle exiftente or exiftentibus is frequently underftood; as, Cæfare duce, fcil. exiftente. His confulibus, fcil. existentibus. Invitâ Minervâ, fc. exiftente, against the grain; Craffa Minervâ, without learning, Hor. Magiftrâ ac duce naturâ; vivis fratribus; te hortatore; Cæfare impulfore, &c. Sometimes the substantive must be supplied; as, Nondum comperto, quam regionem hoftes petiffent, i. e. cum nondum compertum effet, Liv. Excepto quod non fimul effes, cætera lætus, Hor. In fuch examples negotio must be understood, or the rest of the sentence confidered as the fubftantive, which perhaps is more proper. Thus we find a verb fupply the place of a fubftantive; as, Vale dicto, having said farewell, Ovid.

Obf. 4. We fometimes find a Substantive plural joined with a participle fingular; as, Nobis præfente, Plaut. Abfente nobis, Ter. We alfo find the ablative abfolute, when it refers to the fame person with the nominative to the verb; as, Me duce ad hunc voti finem, me milite veni, Ovid. But examples of this conftruction very rarely oc

cur.

Obf. 5. The ablative called abfolute is governed by fome prepofition understood; as, e, ab, cum, fub, or in. We find the prepofition fometimes expreffed; as, Cum diis juvantibus, Liv. The nomina-* tive likewife feems fometimes to be used absolutely; as, Perniciofa libidine paulifper ufus, infirmitas naturæ accufatur, Sall. Jug. 1.

Obf. 6. The ablative absolute may be rendered several different ways thus, Superbo regnante, is the fame with Cum, dum, or quando Superbus regnabat. Opere peracto, is the fame with Poft opus peractum, or Cum opus eft peractum. The prefent participle, when used in the ablative abfolute, commonly ends in e.

Obf. 7. When a fubftantive is joined with a participle in English independently on the reft of the fentence, it is expreffed in the nominative; as, Illo defcendente, He defcending. But this manner of fpeech is feldom used except in poetry.

APPENDIX TO SYNTAX.

I. Various Signification and Construction of VERBS.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

ASPIRARE, ad gloriam et laudem, to aim at; in curiam, to defire

to be admitted, Cic. equis Achillis, to wifb for; labori ejus, to favour amorem dictis, to infufe, Virg.

DESPERARE fibi, de fe; falutem, faluti, de falute, to despair of.

LEGARE aliquem ad alium, to fend as an ambassador; aliquem fibi, to make bis lieutenant; pecuniam alicui, i. e. teftamento relinquere. N. B. Publice legantur homines; qui inde legati dicuntur: privatim allegantur; unde allegati.

DELEGARE æs alienum fratri, to leave him to pay; laborem alteri, to lay upon; aliquid ad aliquem, i. e. in eum transferre, Cic.

LEVARE metum ejus et ei, cum metu, to eafe.

MUTARE locum, folum, to be banished; aliquid aliqua re; bellum pro pace, to exchange; vestem, i. e. fordidam togam induere, Liv. veftem cum aliquo, Ter.

OBNUNCIARE comitiis v. confilio, i. e. comitia aufpiciis impedire, to binder, by telling bad omens, and repeating these words ALIO DIE; Confuli v. magiftratui; i. c. prohibere ne cum populo agat, Cic.

PRONUNCIARE pecuniam pro reo, to promife; aliquid edicto, to order; fententias, to fum up the opinions of the fenators, Cic.

RENUNCIARE aliquid, de re, alicui, ad aliquem, to tell; confulem, to declare, to name; vite, amicitiam ei, to give up; muneri, hofpitio, to refufe; repudium, to divorce. }

OCCUPARE aliquem, to feize; fe in aliquo negotio, to be employed; fe ad negotium, Plaut. pecuniam alicui, v. apud aliquem grandi fœnore, to give at intereft, Cic. Occupat facere bellum, tranfire in agrum hoftium, begins firft, anticipates, Liv.

PREOCCUPARE faltum, portas Ciliciæ, to feize beforehand, Nep.

PRÆJUDICARE aliquem, to condemn one from the precedent of a former fentence or trial, Cic.

ROGARE aliquem id, et de ea re; id ab eo; falutem, et pro falute, Cic. legem, to propofe; bence, uti rogas, dicere, to pass it; militem facramento, to adminifter the military oath; Roget quis? If any one fbould af. Comitia rogandis confulibus, for electing, Liv.

ABROGARE legem, feldom legi, to difannul a law, to repeal, or to change in part; multam, to take off a fine; imperium ei, to take from.

ADROGARE id fibi, to claim.

DEROGARE aliquid legi, v. de lege, to repeal or take away fome claufe of a law; lex derogatur, Cic. fidem ei, v. de fide ejus, to burt one's credit; ex æquitate; sibi, alicui, to derogate or take from.

EROGARE pecuniam, to lay out moneyTM

IRROGARE multam ei, to impofe.

OBROGARE legi, to enact a new law contrary to an old.

PROROGARE imperium, provinciam alicui, to prolong; diem ei ad folvendum, to put off.

SUBROGARE aliquem in locum alterius, to fubftitute; legi, to add a new claufe, or to put one in place of another.

SPECTARE orientem, ad orientem, to look towards; aliquem ex cenfu, animum alicujus ex fuo, to judge of.

SUPERARE hoftes, to overcome; montes, to pafs; fuperat pars cæpti, sc. operis, remains ; Captæ fuperavimus urbi, survived, Virg.

TEMPERARE iras, ventos, to moderate; orbem, to rule; mihi, fibi, to reftrain, to forbear; alicui, to spare ; cædibus, a lacrymis, to abflain from.

VACARE curâ, culpâ, morbo, munere militiæ, &c. a labore, to be free from; animo, fc. in, to be at eafe; philofophiæ, in v. ad rem, to apply to; vacat locus, is empty; fi vacas, v. vacat tibi, if you be at leifure.

VINDICARE mortem ejus, to revenge; ab interitu,, exercitum fame, to free; id fibi & ad fe, to claim; libertatem ejus, to defend; fe in libertatem, to fet at liberty.

DARE animam, to die; animos, to encourage; manus, to yield; madum ei, to fbake bands; Plaut. jura, to prescribe laws; literas alicui ad aliquem, to give one a letter to carry to another; terga, fugam, v. se in fugam, in pedes, to fly; hoftes in fugam, to put to flight; operam, to endeavour; operam philofophiæ, literis, paleftræ, to apply to; operam honoribus, to feek, Nep. veniam ei, to grant his request, Ter. gemitus, lacrymas, amplexus, cantus, ruinam, fidem, jusjurandum, &c. to groan, weep, embrace, fing, fall, &c. cognitores honeftos, to give good vouchers for one's character, Cic. aliquid mutuum v. utendum, to lend; pecuniam fœnori, & collocare, to place at intereft; fe alicui ad docendum, Cic. multum fuo ingenio, to think much of; fe ad aliquid, to apply to; se auctoritati fenatus, to yield; fabulam, fcripta foras, to publish, Cic. effectum, to perform; fenatum, to give a bearing of the fenate; actionem, to grant leave to profecute; præcipitem, to tumble headlong; aliquid pa ternum, to act like one's father; lectos faciendos, to befpeak, Ter. litem fecundum aliquem, to determine a law-fuit in favor of one; aliquem exitio, morti, neci, letho, rarely lethum alicui, to kill; aliquid alicui dono v. muneri. to make a prefent; crimini, vitio, laudi, to accuse, blame, praife; pœnas, to fuffer; nomen militiæ, v. in militiam, to lift one's felf to be a foldier; fe alicui, to be familiar with, Ter. Da te mihi hodie,

be directed by me, Id. aures, to liften; oblivioni, to forget; civitatem ei, to make one free of the city; dicta, to speak; verba alicui, to impose on,to cbeat; se in viam, to enter on a journey; viam ei, to give place; jus gratiæ, to facrifice juftice to intereft: le turpiter, to make a flabby appearance; fundum, vel domum alicui mancipio, to convey the property of, to warrant the title to; Vitaque mancipio nulli datur, omnibus ufu, Luer, fervos in quæftionem, to give u flaves to be tortured; primas, fecundas, &c. (fc. partes) actioni, to afcribe every thing to delivery, Cic. Dat ei bibere, Ter. comas diffundere ventis, to let them flow loofe, Virg. Da mihi v. nobis, tell us, Cic. Ut res dant fe, as matters go; folertem dabo, I'll warrant him expert, Ter.

SATISDARE judicatum solvi, to give fecurity that what the judge has determined fhall be paid, Cic.

STARE contra aliquem; ab, cum, v. pro aliquo, to fide with, to be of the fame party; judicio ejus, to follow; in fententia; pacto, conditionibus, conventis, to ftand to, to make good an agreement; re judicatâ, to keep to what has been determined; ftare v. conftare animo, to be in bis fenfes: Non ftat per me quo minus pecunia folvatur, It is not owing to me that, &c. multorum fanguine ea Panis victoria ftetit, coff, Liv. Mihi ftat alere morbum definere, I am refolved, Nep.

ADSTARE menfæ, to ftand by; ad menfam, in confpectu.

CONSTARE ex multis rebus, animo et corpore, to confift of; fecum, to be confiftent with, Cic. liber conftitit v. ftetit mihi duobus affibus, coft me; non constat ei color, bis colour comes and goes; auri ratio conflat, the fum is right. Conftat, impers. It is evident, certain or agreed on : mihi, inter omnes, de hac re.

EXTARE aquis, to be above, Ovid. ad memoriam pofteritatis, to remain, Cic.

INSTARE victis, to prefs on the vanquisbed; rectam viam, to be in the right way; currum Marti, to make speedily, Virg. inftat factum, insisis that it was done, Ter.

OBSTARE ei, to binder.

PRESTARE multa, to perform; alicui, v. aliquem virtute, to excel; filentium ei, to give; auxilium, to grant, Juv. impenfas, to defray; iter tutum, to procure; fe incolumem, to preferve; fe virum, i, e. præbere, exhibere; amorem, v. benevolentiam alicui, to fbew; culpam v. damnum, i. e. in fe transferre, to take on one's felf; præstabo de me; eum facturum, I will be answerable. In iis rebus repetendis quæ mancipi funt, is periculum judicii præftare debet, qui se nexu obligavit, In recovering, or in an action to recover, those things, which are transferable, the feller ought to take upon himself the bazard of a trial, Cic. N. B. Those things were called, Res mancipî, (contracted for mancipii, i. e. quas emptor manu caperet,) the property of which might be transferred from one Roman citizen to another, as, houses, lands, flaves, Sc.

Præftat, imperf. i. e. it is better: Præfto effe alicui, adv. to be prefent, to affift; Libri præstant venales, the books are exposed to sales.

ACCUBARE alicui in convivio, to recline near; apud aliquém. Incubare ovis & ova, to fit upon; ftratis & fuper ftrata.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

HABERE fpem, febrim, finem, bonum exitum, tempus, confuctudinem, voluntatem nocendi, opus in manibus, v. inter manus, to have; gratiam & gratum, to have a grateful fense of a favour; judicium, to bold a trial; honorem ei, to bonor; in oculis, to be fond of, Ter.: fidem alicui, to truft or believe; curam de, v. pro eo; rationem alicujus, to pay regard to, to allow one to and candidate for an office; rationem v. rem cum aliquo, to bave business with; fatis, to be fatisfied; orationem, concionem ad populum, to make a speech; aliquem odio, in odium, to bate; ludibrio, to mock; id religioni, to have a scruple about it : So, habere aliquid quæftui, honori, prædæ, voluptati, &c. fc. fibi; fe bene v. graviter, to be well or ill; fe parce & duriter, to live, Ter. aliquid compertum, cognitum, perfpectum, exploratum, certum v. pro certo, to know for certain; aliquem contemptui, defpicatui, -um, v. in defpicatum, to defpife; excufatum, to excufe; fufque deque, to fcorn, to flight; Ut res fe habet, ftands, is; rebus ita fe habentibus, in this fate of affairs; Hæc habeo, v. habui dicere de, &c. Non habeo neceffe fcribere, quid fim facturus, Cic. Habe tibi tuas res, a form of divorce.

ADHIBERE diligentiam; celeritatem, vim, severitatem in aliquem, to ufe; in convivium v. confilium, to admit; remedium vulneri, curationem morbo, to apply; vinum ægrotis, to give; aures verfibus, to bear with tafte; cultum & preces diis, to offer, Cic. Exhibere molef tiam alicui, to cause trouble.

JUBERE legem, to vote for, to pass; aliquem falvere, to wifb ons health; effe bono animo, &c. Uxorem fuas res fibi habere juffit, divorced, Cic.

DOCEO tę hanc rem, & de hac re. Doctus, adj. utriufque lingua; Latinis & Græcis literis; Latine & Græce; ad militiam. MISCERE aliquid alicui, cum aliquo, ad aliquid; vinum aquâ, Plin. cuncta fanguine, Tacit. facra profanis, Hor.

VIDERE rem v. de re; fibi, de isthoc, to take care of, Ter. plus, to be more wife, Cic. De hac tu videris, confider, be anfwerable for, Cic. Videor videre, methinks I fee; vifus fum audire, methought I heard; mihi vifus eft dicere, be feemed; Quid tibi videtur? What think you? Si tibi videtur, if you please; videtur feciffe, &c.

INVIDERE honorem ei, v. honori ejus; ei vel eum, to envy.

PROVIDERE & profpicere id, to forefee; ei, to provide for; in posterum; rei frumentariæ, rem v. de re.

SEDERE ad dextram ejus; in equo, to ride ; toga bene fedet, fits i Sedet hoc animo, is fixed, Virg.