with favorable omens detained the dictator for a long time, Liv. 7. 8. Sometimes the neuter pronoun id or illud is added,,to exprefs the meaning more ftrongly; as, Facere que libet, id eft effe regem, Sall.

Obf. 3. The infinitive mode often fupplies the place of the third perfon of the imperfect of the indicative; as, Milites fugere, the foldiers fled, for fugiebant or fugere caperunt. Invidere omnes mihi, for invidebant.

Obf. 4. A collective noun may be joined with a verb either of the fingular or of the plural number; as, Multitudo ftat, or flant; The multitude stands, or stand.

A collective noun, when joined with a verb fingular, expreffes many confidered as one whole; but when joined with a verb plural, fignifies many feparately, or as individuals. Hence, if an adjective or participle be fubjoined to the verb, when of the fingular number, they will agree both in gender and number with the collective noun; but if the verb be plural, the adjective or participle will be plural alfo, and of the fame gender with the individuals of which the collective noun is compofed; as, Pars erant cæfi; Pars obnixa trudunt, fc. formice, Virg. Sometimes, however, though more rarely, the adjective is thus ufed in the fingular; as, Pars arduus, Virg. Æn. vii. 624.

Accufative before the Infinitive.

IV. The infinitive mode has an accufative before it it ;) as, Gaudeo te valere, I am glad that you are well.

Obf. 1. The particle that in English, is the fign of the accufative before the infinitive in Latin, when it comes between two verbs, without expreffing intention or defign. Sometimes the particle is omitted; as, Aiunt regem adventare, They say the king is coming, that being understood.

Obf. 2. The accufative before the infinitive always depends upon fome other verb, commonly on a neuter or fubftantive verb; but feldom on a verb taken in an active sense.

Obf. 3. The infinitive, with the accusative before it, feems fome. times to fupply the place of a nominative; as, Turpe eft militem fum gere, That a foldier fhould fly is a fhameful thing.

Obf. 4. The infinitive effe or fuiffe muft frequently be supplied, efpecially after participles; as, Hoftium exercitum cafum fufumque cognovi, Cic. Sometimes both the accufative and infinitive are underftood; as, Pellicitus fufcepturum, scil. me effè, Ter.

Obf. 5. The infinitive may frequently be otherwife rendered by the conjunctions, quod, ut, ne, or quin; as, Gaudeo te valere, i. c. quod valeas, or propter tuam bonam valetudinem: Jubeo vos bene fperare, or ut bene fperetis: Prohibeo eum exire, or ne exeat: non dubito eum feciffe, or much better, quin fecerit. Scio quod filius amet, Plaut. for filium amare; Miror, fi potuit, for eum potuiffe, Cic. Nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanut omnes virtute superârit, fos populum R. superasse, Nep.

The fame cafe after a Verb as before it.

TVAny Verb may have the fame cafe after it as before it ;

when both words refer to the same thing ; as,

Ego fum difcipulus,

Tu vocaris Joannes,
Illa incedit regina,
Scio illum baberi fapientem,
Scio vos effe difcipulos,

I am a fcholar.

You are named John.
She walks as a queen.

I know that he is esteemed wife.
I know that you are scholars.

So Redeo iratus, jaceo fupplex; Evadent digni, They will became worthy; Rempublicam defendi adolefcens; nolo effe longus, I am unwilling to be tedious, Malim videri timidus, quam parum prudens Cic. Non licet mihi effe negligenti, Cic. Natura dedit omnibus effe beatis, Claud. Cupio me effe clementem; cupio non putari mendacem; Vult effe medium, fc. fe, He wishes to be neuter, Cic. Difce effe pater; Hoc eit effe patrem ? fc. eum, Ter.

Obf. 1. This rule implies nothing elfe but the agreement of an adjective with a fubftantive, or of one fubftantive with another; for those words in a sentence which refer to the fame object, must always agree together, how much soever disjoined.

Obf. 2. The verbs which most frequently have the same case after them as before them, are,

1. Subftantive and neuter verbs; as, Sum, fio, forem, and existo; co, venio, sto, fedeo, evado, jaceo, fugio, &c.

2. The paffive of verbs of naming, judging, &c. as, Dicor, appellor, vocor, nominor, nuncupor, to which add, videor, existimor, creor, conftituor, falūtor, defignor, &c.

These, and other like verbs, admit after them only the nominative, accusative, or dative. When they have before them the genitive, they have after them an accufative; as, Intereft omnium effe bonos, fcil. fe; It is the interest of all to be good. In fome cafes we can ufe either the nom. or acc. promifcuoufly; as, Cupio dici doctus or doctum, fc. me dici; Cupio effe clemens, non putari mendax; vult effe medius.

Obf. 3. When any of the above verbs are placed betwixt two nominatives of different numbers, they commonly agree in number with the former; as, Dos eft decem talenta, Her dowry is ten talents, Ter. Omnia pontus erant, Ovid. But fometimes with the latter; as, Amantium ire amoris integratio eft, The quarrels of lovers is a renewal of love, Ovid. So, when an adjective is applied to two fubftantives of different genders, it commonly agrees in gender with that fubftantive which is most the subject of difcourfe; as, Oppidum eft appellatum Poffidonia, Plin. Sometimes, however, the adjective agrees with the nearer fubstantive; as, Non omnis error ftultitia eft dicenda, Cic. Obf. 4. When the infinitive of any verb, particularly the fubftantive verb esse, has the dative before it, governed by an Imperfonal verb, or any other word, it may have after it either the dative or the accufative; as, Licet

mihi effe beato, I may be happy; or, licet mihi effe beatum, me being understood; thus, cet mihi (me) esse beatum. The dative before effe is often to be fupplied; as, Licet effe bea tum, One may be happy, fcil. alicui or homini.

Obf. 5. The poets ufe certain forms of expreffion, which are not to be imitated in profe; thus, Retulit Ajax Jovis elle pronepos, for Se effe pronepotem; Ovid. Cum pateris fapiens emendatufque vocari, for te vocari fapientem, &c. Horat. Ep. 1. 16. Acceptum refero verfibus effe nocens; Ovid. Tutumque putavit jam bonus effe focer; Lucan.

GOVERNMENT.

I. The GOVERNMENT of SUBSTANTIVES.

VI. One Substantive governs another in the genitive, (when the latter Subftantive fignifies a different thing from the former;)/as,

Amor Dei, The love of God; Lex nature, The law of nature. Domus Casăris, The house of Cæfar, or Cæfar's house.

Obf. 1. When one fubftantive is governed by another in the genitive, it expreffes in general the relation of property or poffeffion, and therefore is often elegantly turned into a poffeffive adjective; as Domus patris, or paterna, a father's house; Filius heri or herilis, a master's son: and among the poets, Labor Herculeus, for Herculis; Enfis Evandrius, for Evandri.

Obf. 2. When the fubftantive noun in the genitive fignifies a perfon, it may be taken either in an active or a paffive fenfe; thus, Amor Dei, The love of God, either means the love of God towards us, or our love towards him: So Caritas patris, fignifies either, The affection of a father to his children, or theirs to him. But often the fubftantive can only be taken either in an active or in a paffive fenfe; thus, Timor Dei, always implies Deus timetur; and Providentia Dei, Deus providet.

Obf. 3. Both the former and latter fubftantive are fometimes to be understood; as, Hectoris Andromache, feil. uxor ; Ventum eft ad vefta, fcil. adem òr templum; Ventum eft tria millia, fcil. paffuum, three miles.

Obf 4. We find the dative often ufed after a verb for the genitive, particularly among the poets; as, Ei corpus porrigitur, His body is extended; Virg.

s ;fas,

Obf. 5. Some fubftantives are joined with certain prepofitions; as, Amicitia, inimicitia, pax, cum aliquo; Amor in, vel erga, aliquem; Gaudium de re; Cura de aliquo; Mentio illius, vel de illo; Quies ab armis; Fumus ex incendiis, &c.

Obf. 6. The genitive in Latin is often rendered in English by feveral other particles befides of; as, Defcenfus Averni, the defcent to Avernus; Prudentia juris, skill in

the law.

SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS are governed in the : pars mei, a of me.

Jas,

So alfo adjective pronouns when used as substantives, or having a noun understood; as, Liber ejus, illius, bujus, &c. The book of him, or his book, fc. bominis: The book of her, or her book, fc. fæminæ. Libri eorum, V. earum, Their books. Cujus liber, the book of whom, or whose book; Quorum libri, whofe books, &c. But we always fay, meus liber, not mei; pater nofter, not noftri: fuum jus, not fui.

When a paffive fenfe is expreffed, we ufe mei, tui, fui, noftri, veftri, noftrum, veftrum; but we use their poffeffives, when an active fenfe is expreffed; as, Amor mei, The love of me, that is, The love wherewith I am loved; amor meus, my love, that is, the love wherewith I love. We find however the poffeflives fometimes used paffively, and their primitives taken actively; as, Odium tuum, Hatred of thee, Ter. Labor mei, My labour, Plaut.

The poffeffives meus, tuus, fitus, nofter, vefter, have sometimes nouns, pronouns, and participles after them in the genitive; as, Pectus tuum bominis fimplicis, Cic. 2. Phil. Nofter duorum eventus, Liv. Tuum ipfius ftudium, Cic. Mea fcripta timentis, &c. Hor. Solius meum peccatum corrigi non poteft, Cic. Id maxime quemque decet, quod eft cujufque fuum maxime. Id.

The reciprocals SUI and SUUS are used, when the action of the verb is reflected, as it were, upon its nominative; as, Cato interfe cit fe; Miles defendit fuam vitam; Dicit fe fcripturum effe. We find however is or ille fometimes used in examples of this kind; as, Deum agnofcimus ex operibus ejus, Cic. Perfuadent Rauracis, ut una cum iis proficifcantur, for una fecum. Caf.

VII. If the latter Subftantive have an Adjective of praise or difpraife joined with it, they may be put in the genitive or ablative; as,

Vir fummæ prudentiæ, or fummâ prudentiâ, A man of great wisdom. Puer proba indolis, er probâ indole, A boy of a good difpofition.

M

Obf. 1. The ablative here is not properly governed by the fore going fubftantive, but by fome prepofition understood; as, cum, de, ex, in, &c. Thus, Vir fummâ prudentia, is the same with pir cum fumma prudentia.

Obf. 2. In some phrases the genitive is only used; as, Magni formica laboris, The laborious ant: Vir imi fubfellii, homo minimi pretii, a perfon of the lowest rank. Non multi cibi hofpitem accipies, fed multi joci, Cic. Ager trium jugerum. In others only the ablative; as, Es bono animo, Be of good courage. Mira fum alacritate ad litigandum, Cic. Capite aperto eft, His head is bare; obvoluto, covered. Capite et fupercilio femper eft rafis, Id. Mulier magno natu, Liv. Sometimes both are used in the fame fentence; as, Adolefcens erimiâ fpe, fummæ virtutis, Cic. The ablative more frequently occurs in profe than the genitive.

Obf. 3. Sometimes the adjective agrees in cafe with the former fubftantive, and then the latter substantive is put in the ablative: thus, we fay either, Vir præftantis ingenii, or præfianti ingenio; or Vir praftans ingenio, and fometimes praftans ingenii. Among the poets the latter fubftantive is frequently put in the accufative by a Greek conftruction, fecundum, or quod ad being understood by the figure commonly called Synecdoche; as, Miles fractus membra, i e. fractus fecundum, or quod ad membra, or habens membra fracta. Os humerofque deo fimilis. Virg.

Adjectives taken as Substantives.

VIII. An Adjective in the neuter gender without a fubftantive governs the genitive; as,

Jas

Multum pecuniæ, Much money. Quid rei eft? What is the matter?

Obf. 1. This manner of expreffion is more elegant than Multa pecunia, and therefore is much used by the best writers; as, Plus eloquentiæ, minus fapientiæ, tantum fidei, id negotii; Quicquid erat patrum, reos diceres, Liv.

Obf. 2. The adjectives which thus govern the geritive like fubftantives, generally fignify quantity; as, multum, plus, plurimum, tantum, quantum, minus, minimum, &c. To which add, hoc, illud, iftud, id, quid, aliquid, quidvis, quiddam, &c. Plus and quid almost always govern the genitive, and therefore by fome are thought to be fubftantives.

Obf. 3. Nibil, and thefe neuter pronouns, quid, aliquid, c. ele gantly govern neuter adjectives of the first and fecond declenfion in the genitive; as, nihil finceri, no fincerity but feldom govern in this manner adjectives of the third declenfion, particularly those which end in is and e; as, Nequid hoftile timerent, not boftilis: We find however quicquid civilis, Liv. 5. 3.

Obf. 4. Plural adjectives of the neuter gender alfo govern the genitive, commonly the genitive plural; as, Angufta viarum, Opace