1. Verbs are derived either from nouns or from other verbs. Verbs derived from nouns are called Denominative; as, Cano, to fup; laudo, to praise; fraudo, to defraud; lapido, to throw ftones; opěror, to work; frumentor, to forage; lignor, to gather fuel, &c. from cana, laus, fraus, &c. But when they express imitation or refemblance, they are called Imitative; as, Patriffo, græcor, bubulo, cornicor, . I imitate or refemble my father, a Græcian, a crow, &c. from pater, Græcus, cornix. Of those derived from other verbs, the following chiefly deserve attention; namely, Frequentatives, Inceptives, and Defideratives. 1. FREQUENTATIVES express frequency of action, and are all of the first conjugation. They are formed from the last supine, by changing atu into ito, in verbs of the first conjugation; and by changing u into o, in verbs of the other three conjugations; as, clamo, to cry, clamito, to cry frequently terreo, territo; verto, verso; dormio, dormito. In like manner, Deponent verbs form Frequentatives in or; as, minor, to threaten; minitor, to threaten frequently. Some are formed in an irregular manner; as, nato from no; nofcito from nofco; fcitor, or rather sciscitor, from scio; pavĭto, from paveo; fector, from fequor; loquitor, from loquor. So quærito, fundito, agita fluito, c. From Frequentative verbs are also formed other frequentatives; as, curro, curfo, curfito; pello, pulso, pulsito, or by contraction pulto capio, capto, captito; cano, canto, cantito; defendo, defenfo, defenfito; dico, dicto, dictito; gero, gefto, geftito; jacio, jačo, jaćtito; venio, ventito; mutio, muo, (for mutito) mufsito, &c. Verbs of this kind do not always exprefs frequency of action. Many of them have much the same sense with their primitives, or exprefs the meaning more strongly. 2. INCEPTIVE Verbs mark the beginning or continued increase of any thing. They are formed from the fecond person fing, of the prefent of the indicative, by adding co: as, caleo, to be hot, cales, calefco, to grow hot. / So in the other conjugations, labafco, from labo; tremifco, from tremo; obdormifco, from obdormio. Hifco, from bio, is contracted for biafco. Inceptives are likewife formed from fubftantives and adjectives; as, puer afco, from puer; dulcefco, from dulcis; juvenesco, from juvenis. All Inceptives are Neuter verbs, and of the third conjugation. They want both the preterite and fupine; unless very rarely, when they borrow them from their primitives. 3 DESIDERATIVE Verbs fignify a defire or intention of doing a thing. They are formed from the latter fupine, by adding rio and shortening the u; as, cœnaturio, I defire to fup, from canatu. They are all of the fourth conjugation, and want both preterite and fu pine except these three, esurio, to desire to eat; parturio, to be in travail; nupturio, to defire to be married. There are a few verbs in LLO, which are called Diminutive; as, cantillo, forbillo, -are, I fing, I fup a little. To these fome add albico and candico, -are, to be or to grow whitish; alfo nigrico, fodico, and vellico. Some verbs in SSO are called Intenfive; as, Capello, faceffo, peteffo or petiffo, I take, I do, I feek earnestly. Verbs are compounded with nouns, with other verbs, with adverbs, and chiefly with prepofitions. Many of the fimple verbs are not in use; as, Futo, fendo, Specio, gruo, &c. The component parts usually remain entire. Sometimes a letter is added; as, prodeo, for pro-co: or taken away; as, afporto, omitto, trado, pejero, pergo, debeo, prabeo, &c. for abfporto, obmitto, transdo, perjuro, perrego, debibeo, præbibeo, &c. So demo, promo, fumo, of de, pro, fub, and emo, which anciently fignified to take or to take away. Often the vowel or dipthong of the fimple verb, and the last confonant of the prepofition, is changed; as, damno, condemno; calco, conculco; lædo, collīdo; audio, obēdio, &c. Affero, aufèro, collaudo, implico, &c. for adfero, abfero, conlaudo, inplico, &c. PARTICIPLE. A Participle is a kind of adjective formed from a verb, which in its fignification implies time. It is fo called, because it partakes both of an adjective and of a verb, having in Latin gender and declension from the one, time and fignification from the other, and number from both. Participles in Latin are declined like adjectives; and their fignification is various, according to the nature of the verbs from which they come : only participles in dus are always paffive, and import not fo much future time, as obligation or neceffity. Latin verbs have four Participles, the present and fu ture active; as, Amans, loving; amatūrus, about to love: and the perfect and future paffive; as, amatus, loved; amandus, to be loved. 1 The Latins have not a participle perfect in the active, nor a participle prefent in the paffive voice; which defect must be supplied by a circumlocution. Thus, to exprefs the perfect participle active in English, we use a conjunction, and the plu-perfect of the fubjunctive in Latin, or fome other tenfe, according to its connection with the other words of a sentence; as, he having loved, quum amaviffet, &c. Neuter verbs have commonly but two Participles; as; Sedens, feffurus ; ftans, ftaturus. } From fome Neuter verbs are formed Participles of the perfect tense; as, Erratus, feftinatus, juratus, laboratus, vigilatus, ceffatus, fudatus, triumphatus, regnatus, decurfus, desitus, emeritus, emerfus, obitus, placitus, fucceffus, occafus, &c. and alfo of the future in dus: as, Jurandus, vigi landus, regnandus, carendus, durmiendus, erubefcendus, &c. Neuter paffive verbs are equally various. Veneo, has no participle: Fido, only fidens and fifus; foleo, folens and folitus; vapŭlo, vapulans and vapulaturus; Gaudeo, gaudens, gavifus, and gavifurus; Audeo, audens, aufus, aufurus, audendus. Aufus is used both in an active and paffive fenfe; as, Ausi omnes immane nefas, aufoque potiti. Virg. Deponent and Common verbs have commonly four Participles; as, Loquens, fpeaking; locuturus, about to fpeak; locutus, having spoken i loquendus, to be spoken: Dignans, vouchsafing; dignaturus, about to vouchfafe; dignatus, having vouchfafed, being vouchfafed, or having been vouchfafed; dignandus, to be vouchfafed. Many Participles of the perfect tenfe from Deponent verbs have both an active and paffive fenfe; as, Abominatus, conatus, confeffus, adortus, amplexus, blandītus, largitus, mentītus, oblitus, teftatus, veneratus, &c. There are several Participles compounded with in fignifying not, the verbs of which do not admit of fuch compofition; as, Infciens, infpērans, indicens, for non dicens, inopīnans and necopīnans, immĕrens; Illa fus, impranfus, inconfultus, incuftodītus, immetatus, impunitus, imparatus, incomitatus, incomptus, indemnatus, indotatus, incorruptus, interritus, and imperterritus, inteftatus, inaufus, inopinatus, inultus, incenfus, for non cenfus, not registered; infectus, for non factus, invifus, for non vifus, indictus, for non dictus, &c. There is a different incenfus from incendo: infectus from inficio; invifus from invideo; indi&us from indico, &c. If from the fignification of a Participle we take away time, it becomes an adjective, and admits the degrees of comparison; as, Amans, loving, amantior, amantissimus ; doctus, learned, doctior, doctiffimus : or a fubftantive; as, Præfectus, a commander or governor ; confonans, f. fc. litera, a confonant; continens, f. fc. terra, a continent; confluens, m. a place where two rivers run together; oriens, m. fc. fol, the caft; accidens, m. the weft; dictum, a saying; fcriptum, &c. There are many words in ATUS, ITUS, and UTUS, which al, though resembling participles are reckoned adjectives, because they come from nouns, and not from verbs; as, alatus, barbatus, cordatus, caudatus, criftatus, aurītus, pellitus turrītus; aftutus, cornutus, nasutus, &c. winged, bearded, difcreet, &c. But auratus, aratus, argentatus, ferratus, plumbatus, gypfatus, calceatus, clypeatus, galeatus, tunicatus, larvatus, palliatus, lymphatus, purpuratus, prætextatus, &c. covered with gold, brafs, filver, &c. are accounted participles, because they are fuppofed to come from obfolete verbs. So perhaps calamistratus, frizzled, crifped or curled, crinītus, having long hair, peritus, &c There are a kind of Verbal adjectives in BUNDUS, formed from the imperfect of the indicative, which very much refemble Participles in their fignification, but generally exprefs the meaning of the verb more fully, or denote an abundance or great deal of the action; as, vitabundus, the fame with valde vitans, avoiding much; Sall. Jug. 60. and 101; Liv. xxv. 13. So errabundus, ludibundus, popu Pabundus, moribundus, &c. GERUNDS AND SUPINES. GERUNDS are Participial words, which bear the fignification of the verb from which they are formed; and are declined like a neuter noun of the fecond declenfion, through all the cafes of the fingular number, except the vocative. There are, both in Latin and English, fubftantives derived from the verb, which fo much resemble the Gerund in their fignification, that frequently they may be fubstituted in its place. They are generally ufed, however, in a more undetermined fenfe than the Gerund, and in English have the article always prefixed to them. Thus, with the gerund, Delectar legendo Ciceronem, I am delighted with reading Cicero. But with the fubstantive, Delector lectione Ciceronis, I am delighted with the reading of Cicero. The Gerund and Future Participle of verbs in io, and fome others, often take u instead of e; as, faciundum, di, do, dus; experiundum, potiundum, gerundum, petundum, dicundum, &c. for faciendum, &c. น SUPINES have much the fame fignification with Gerunds; and may be indifferently applied to any perfon or number. They agree in termination with nouns of the fourth declenfion, having only the accufative and ablative cafes. The former Supine is commonly used in an active, and the lat ter in a paffive fenfe, but fometimes the contrary; as, coctum non vopulatum dudum conductus fui, i. e. ut vapularem, v. verberarer, to be bear en, Plaut. ADVERB. An Adverb is an indeclinable part of speech, added to a verb, adjective, or other adverb, to exprefs fome circumftance, quality, or manner of their fignification. All Adverbs may be divided into two claffes, namely, those which denote Circumftance; and those which denote Quality, Manner, c. I. Adverbs denoting CIRCUMSTANCE are chiefly thofe of Place, Time, and Order. |