Some interesting information as to the Assize of Bread will be found in the translation of the Liber Albus,' p. 302 et seq. Reference might also be made to Ashley's Economic History,' p. 187 et seq.

Westwood, Clitheroe.

WM. SELF-WEEKS.

CHEWAR (12 S. ix. 50, 96).-The supposed origin of this word was described by the Rev. T. Cockram, head master of the Royal Latin School, Buckingham, on p. 85 of Historical Buckingham,' by J. T. Harrison, 1909. As his letter is a very interesting but not a lengthy one, I will give it in full. He says:

were

the

and ink. In much the same way, and with
a similar object, most of us have made school-
boy maps of ancient Greece and Italy.
B. B.

THE PLAGUE PITS (12 S. viii. 450, 495, 97; ix. 12, 35). Now that discussion is revived regarding the identity of the plague pits of London during the severest epidemic visitation, it may be noted that sometime curate at Mr. Balleine, the Whitechapel St. Mary's, declared it is a myth that victims of the dreaded disease were buried pell-mell at the Whitechapel Mount. The plague pit for that then semi-rural locality was where St. Philip's It will be in the recollection of many of your Church now stands, behind the modern readers that some years ago, when the Ordnance London Hospital. By the by, the WhiteSurvey people making the necessary chapel St. Mary cleric says the muchmeasurement for the large map of Buckingham, debated Mount "existed from the very they were considerably exercised about chewar," which earliest times, being probably a Saxon proper spelling of the word " they found applied by the inhabitants to the fortification to protect the High Road from alley between Mr. C. A. Bennett's house and the the Danes, who held the Eastern Counties. Several of the best In 1642, when Charles I. was supposed to Bucks and Oxon Bank. be marching on London, it was restored to its original use, men, women, and children working night and day digging trenches from the road to the River Thames and piling all the earth on the top of the Mount which was crowned by formidable stoneworks." When was made what was called the New Road-a way down to the then 1807. new docks and river quays, in across the last remains of the ancient Stepney-Wapping marsh-these lowlands so much increased in value, that the Whitechapel Mount was carted away and the site built upon for the accommodation of the fast increasing trading interests of the port and the evicted of St. Katharine's precinct.

informed and oldest residents were asked to give their opinions as to the correct spelling of this strange name, and the form which received the greatest amount of support was finally adopted and in due course permanently recorded in iron, upon the walls!

It would appear that after all the popular The most recently verdict was an erroneous one. issued part of Murray's new English dictionary, published at the Clarendon Press, includes the word Chare, which is evidently identical with our It is curious that this spelling does not occur amongst the forms of the word collected by the Philological Society, which are Chihera, Chere, Chare, Choyer, and Chair. James Murray's definition of Chare is a local name for a narrow alley or lane."

old friend Chewar.

Sir

The earliest spelling which has been discovered is "cherhera " in the thirteenth century, in the documents of William de Glanville, in Surtees's One of the extracts is History of Durham.' from the London Gazette of 1707: A large dwelling house in the Broad Chair in NewcastleIn Tennant's Tour upon-Tyne" will be sold. of Scotland,' 1790, occurs: The lower Streets and Chares, or Alleys, are extremely narrow.' It would be interesting to find out if the local pronunciation, which settled the spelling of the Buckingham alley, can be supported by any papers or documents in the possession of your

readers.

Bedford.

L. H. CHAMBERS.

A CURIOSITY OF ENDEAVOUR (12 S. ix. 67). -The MS. book described by Mr. G. E. Fussell is only a schoolboy's exercise, intended to "rub in " some of the principal facts of English history, and at the same time to teach the neat-handed use of pen

Notes on Books.

Mc.

Prehistory: A Study of early Cultures in Europ and the Mediterranean Basin. By M. C. Burkitt, M.A., F.G.S. (Cambridge: University Press, 35s. net.)

MR. BURKITT is, we believe, a young man; but he has already made his mark in the study of prehistoric man, where he has proved the mest brilliant pupil of the Abbé Breuil (who contribute a delightful little preface to this book). He himself an excavator, a cave-explorer, who has stock; and his book is as independent and contributed valuable discoveries to the comme first-hand as that of a young investigator should be. It is also cautious: he does not presen

his new suggestions as proved facts. Taking it as a whole, it is a book to be warmly recommended to all who have at least a smattering of this alluring science, for it maps out the whole field as well as presenting the latest theories on particular points.

Mr. Burkitt is, perhaps rightly, shy of physical anthropology, which he regards as outside his own field. He is shy, also, and a little too shy, of geology. Useful as is his correlation of geological and anthropological eras, it might have been carried further to the advantage of the student. Yet, when Mr. Burkitt gets to work on what he is justified in claiming as his own subject, we have nothing but praise for his chapters. They are full, clearly arranged, and exact wherever exactness is possible. He knows the tools of primitive man thoroughly, and, with the help of the admirable plates at the end of the volume, he makes the study of them easy. Speaking broadly, the distinctive feature of his book is the prominence that it gives to the idea of migration. The field of discovery is no longer cut up into isolated portions. We get the implications of the contact of one civilization with another and of one race with another; and there are several instances in which this idea gives satisfactory explanations of points hitherto obscure. The relations of Aurignacian, Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures, for instance, are the subjects of some of Mr. Burkitt's most fruitful suggestions; and his inquiry whether the Piltdown skull and the Heidelberg jaw are of the same age, though of different type the jaw corresponding to the development in Germany of Chellean man into Mousterian, and the Piltdown skull to the development in France of the Chellean into the Acheulean-is one of which all students of the subject will see the significance. In all cases Mr. Burkitt is desirous of elucidating the origin and movement of the various races; and such phenomena as, for instance, the effect of Solutrean upon Aurignacian (an effect largely due to the lower race's possession of a better spear-head which rouses Mr. Burkitt to a rather unkind comparison); and the passing of the Neanderthal race, beetle-browed ard prognathous, before the far superior Cro-Magnon from North Africa become almost, one might say, matters, not of prehistory, but of history.

at all. And the purpose of this prehistoric art?
Mr. Burkitt argues it out carefully, and comes to
the conclusion that as a general thing neither
decoration nor the expression of the joy of life,
but magic, was the prime motive. The subjects
often forbid the idea of joy; the position of the
cave-art, usually difficult of access and far from
the front of the cave where man lived, makes the
idea of decoration unlikely. The "art mobi-
lier "-engraved bones and weapons-included,
no doubt, "sketches" made by pupils or by
artists preparing to execute a cave-work; but,
in the main, art was a matter of religion-of
procuring a good supply of food, of protecting
the home, or of other spiritual affairs. And Mr.
Burkitt sees good reason to believe in the exist
ence of a caste of medicine men, who maintained
and modified the artistic traditions throughout
the widely separated areas inhabited. As with the
tools, so with the prehistoric art: the illustrations
are excellent and of extraordinary interest.
Poems of William Edmondstoune Aytoun. (Oxford
University Press. Oxford edition, 58. net.
Also in the Oxford Poets,' 88. 6d. net; and on
IT is good to have a complete and handy edition
India paper, 9s. 6d. net.)
of Aytoun. The Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers'
are always fresh and stirring.
too long, considering the movement and vigour
Bothwell' is not
In the Miscellaneous Verse' there
beautiful things besides the well-known
'Enone.' It is satisfactory to know which of
(the Snapping Turtle' was his, and so was the
Gaultier Ballads' were Aytoun's
immortal and perfect
pherson'). But the clou of this edition is
undoubtedly the Spasmodic Tragedy,' Firmilian,
by T. Percy Jones,' and the review of the tragedy
which was published before the work itself ap-
hilarious fun of the poetic extravagances of such
peared. In tragedy and review Aytoun made
writers as

of its verse.

are

the Bon

·

Massacre of the Mac

Sydney Dobell with his Balder, and Alexander Festus' Bailey of Nottingham, and Smith with his Drama of Life.' No one who loves a witty burlesque but will enjoy these two brilliant specimens of it now first reprinted. Another side of this remarkable poet may be seen at its best in the Lament for Percy Bysshe The book is well arranged and well printed, and Shelley,' written in the metre of Adonais.' the price of the cheapest edition is cheap indeed.

A

Contribution to an Essex Dialect Dictionary. Supplement II. (Reprinted from The Essex Review, July, 1921.) By the Rev. Edward Gepp, M.A. (Colchester: Benham, 18. 3d.; post free, 18. 4d.)

The

Of all the chapters in this book none is more interesting and vigorous than those on prehistoric art. Mr. Burkitt, following Breuil, has mapped it all out pretty clearly. Art begins in the Aurignacian age with the engraving of the sinuous lines known as 66 macaroni," and then of the first simple animal figures; and the painting AT 12 S. vi. 239, we reviewed Mr. Gepp's original in outline of animals. In the Lower Magdale-Contribution,' and at 12 S. vii. 380, we noticed nian age the engraving in silhouette improves, the publication of the first Supplement. and there is a tendency to greater exactness second Supplement, just issued, amplifies the in detail; while in painting we get the first former works, comprising many new words and shading and modelling, and stump-drawing usages and new comments on and illustrations comes into use. In the Middle Magdalenian, the of words and usages already given. The Suppleengraving reaches its highest point; but colour, ment gives also a few Essex dialect words not employed largely in monochrome flat wash, yet recorded in the author's own district of High destroys the modelling, and the next period, Easter, Felsted and Little Dunmow, and some the Upper Magdalenian, shows colour trying Suffolk and Norfolk words which may be found to get back in polychrome the modelling pre- to occur in Essex. Not all the words given are viously lost, and engraving poorer than ever. exclusively Essex words. For instance, Last, in the Azilian age, there is no engraving gaggle," or flight of birds, is the word that all

correctly speaking sportsmen use for a flight of
wild geese; and swab," swab-hook" (some
times swap ") are regular in Sussex. The
Supplement (which, like its predecessors, has some
delicious little touches of humour) cannot be
dispensed with by those who have the Contribu-
tion and the first Supplement; and Mr.
Gepp's close and chronological use of the N.E.D.'
for examples of words and usages tends to justify
his claim that dialect speech is the preserver of
classic English. To dialect and to classic English
alike Mr. Gepp is rendering yeoman service.
The Owl Sacred Pack of the Fox Indians. By
Truman Michelson. (Smithsonian Institution:
Bureau of American Ethnology; Bulletin 72.
Washington: Government Printing Office.)
LINGUISTICALLY and ethnologically this book is
of high value. Mr. Michelson prints the Indian
text on the left hand page and his English transla-
tion on the right hand; and his linguistic notes
on the text and other apparatus criticus are the
work of a scholar. From the ethnological point
of view the work has special claims to study.
The pack itself is now in the Museum für Völker-
kunde, Berlin; but Mr. Michelson's text is the
narrative of its former owner, Alfred Kiyana,
who knew not only the legend of its origin, but
the ritual connected with it, its esoteric meaning
and its traditional powers.
The contents of the
pack included the owl-skin, a tobacco-pipe, a
flute, a fire-flint, and other ceremonial articles.
Two children, Black Rainbow and his niece
(sister's daughter) Deer Horn, had been
chosen out in childhood by the Owl to be
"blessed"; and the pack and its contents (all
except the flute) were given to them by a naked
man in a lonely spot when, after a dedicated
youth, they had grown up. The man also gave
them full instructions about Fox dances in summer
and in winter, about the use of the pack in war-
fare, in medicine, and other fields of life. The
lore thus handed down, with the words of the
ritual, songs and many other minute details, were
all remembered by Alfred Kiyana, and they
form a valuable repository of Indian lore of many
kinds. The narrative, too, is very charming and
interesting; and there are passages in which the
nature of religion as understood by the Foxes is
illuminated. A few good illustrations help to
the understanding of the whole.

and Dr. Arthur Shadwell's masterly analysis of the coal strike are also to be noted.

IN the August Cornhill Mr. J. H. Roberts analyses in lively style the names of London streets; we should like to see more work from him in the same fruitful field. Sir Henry Lucy begins some more reminiscences under the title Dr. Bernard of From the Diary of a Journalist.' W. Henderson's tribute to George Macdonald as preacher will warm many a heart, and his memories of Henry Allon, Beecher, Gordon Calthrop and other preachers of the eighteeneighties are good reading. Short stories by Mr. J. D. Beresford and Mr. George Blake, and Mr. Julian Huxley's charming Italian study, A Legend and some Peasants,' make up an attractive number.

The Antiquaries' Journal for July (Oxford University Press, 58. net.) leads off with Sir Hercules Read's presidential address on Museums in the Present and Future,' the gist of which may be familar to our readers from the daily papers. It deserves careful study in its complete form. Mr. C. R. Peers and Mr. Reginald A. Smith contribute an acute and careful account of Wayland's Smithy, near Ashbury, Berks; the latter giving the history of the monument, and the former describing the excavations of 1919-20. Mr. Stanley Carson's Invasion in the light of some new evidence ; Mr. W. L. Hildburgh's on some English alabaster carving, and Mr. H. F. Westlake's note the excavations by which he discovered the Misericorde of Westminster Abbey behind No. 20, Dean's Yard, are full of interest.

on paper

the Dorian

on

THE Chief Librarian of the City of Birmingham Public Libraries sends us the catalogue of the unique collection of War Poetry presented to the Reference Library by an anonymous donor. The collection, while surprisingly large, is not complete; and the Librarian asks for any information or help that would lead to the acquisition of such war poems as may be absent. Address, The Chief Librarian, Public Libraries, Ratcliff Place, Birmingham.

Notices to Correspondents.

ALL communications intended for insertion in our columns should bear the name and address of the sender-not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

EDITORIAL communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publishers"-at the Office, Printing House Square, London, E.C.4; corrected proofs to The Editor, N. & Q.,' Printing House Square, London, E.C.4.

The Quarterly Review for July includes a study by Dr. F.C. S. Schiller of William James, chiefly as seen in the two volumes of his letters edited by his son Henry. Dr. Schiller's account of James, his personality, and the difficult paths by which he won through from Spencerian naturalism to his bracing religious faith (for so it must be called) makes an article of great interest and value. Mr. John Freeman points out well how, in restoring the English peasant to the English landscape, Mr. Maurice Hewlett's three volumes of poetry, The Song of the Plow,' 'The Village Wife's Lament,' and Flowers in the Grass,' have achieved a singular triumph; and his article is a sterling piece of criticism. Lord Haldane's The Reign of Relativity' and Lord Bryce's Modern Democracies' are the subjects of two judicious articles; and there is a readable paper on sixteenth-century travels and discoveries. M. Elie Halévy's history of Chartism | letter refers.

When answering a query, or referring to an article which has already appeared, correspondents are requested to give within parentheses-immediately after the exact heading-the numbers of the series, volume, and page at which the contribution in question is to be found.

WHEN sending a letter to be forwarded to another contributor correspondents are requested to put in the top left-hand corner of the envelope the number of the page of N. & Q.' to which the

LONDON, AUGUST 13, 1921.

CONTENTS.-No. 174.

NOTES: The Sforzas and the Order of the Golden Spur,

121-The Oldest London Statue, 122-Richard Parker

and commas, to confer these honours on the grantee.

in his later days:

Si je n'avais point fait princes mes parents, je serais maintenant sans reproche devant Dieu, et exempt d'un grand péché (L'Art de vérifier les Dates,' iii. 422-3).

Long excerpts from the Bull of Paul III. (Alessandro Farnese) are given by Ratti and Masonic Emblems, 123-An English Army List of (Della Famiglia Sforza,' i. 264-6). The 1740, 125- Sweet Lavender," 126-Seals of Married grantee, Sforza Sforza, Count of Santa Women in the Middle Ages-The Great Rain-A John Raphael Smith Discovery" A Native of America" Fiora, was son of Count Bosio II. by Cos"Word-painting," Word-painters," 127. tanza Farnese, the legitimate daughter QUERIES:-James McGill, Founder of the McGill Univer- of the grantor. The Pope's tendency to sity, Montreal-The King as Prebendary of St. David'sFather Marianus A Hindustani Grammar-A Transla- nepotism, of which the most signal instance tion of Khafi Khan, 128-Weatheral-George III.'s son, was the grant of the Duchy of Parma to his Ernest, Duke of Cumberland-Royal Exchange Assurance son, is said to have caused him remorse Corporation The Noble Laird of Thorny burn'-The 29th Division-Groute's Enamelled Pictures Shufflewing" or "Shovel-wing"-Sir Humphry Davy's FamilyDavie, Davy and Davye-Faibus Segnius and Raphael Placentinus Sir John Parsons, Kt., 129-Parsons Family -Roche-Pichemer-Col. Hutchinson the Regicide English Railings in America-Cheese Saint-James I. and a Widow Bookseller of Bristol-Vicar of ThirskQuotation Wanted Authors Wanted References Wanted, 130. REPLIES:-Waterloo Bounty, 131-The Ivory Gate of Virgil--Manor of Churchill, Oxon-State Trials in Westminster Hall, 132-Wild-cat Scheme-Demagogue Robert de Morley and Robert de Montalt-Dr. Arndell, Hobart, 133-Baptism of Infant on its Mother's CoffinEmerson's English Traits -Princess Elizabeth, "Refined Intrigante," 134-"A Frog he would a-wooing go -Robert Johnson, Governor of South Carolina-Ormiston of Ormiston, Haddingtonshire, 135-Agricultural and Horticultural Writers: Biographical Details wantedVerses wanted: Conjugal Squabbles-American English -Gleaning by the Poor-Tantary Bobus, 136-Butt Woman-Book Borrowers" Mark Rutherford," 137Old Song Wanted-Smallest Fig of a Litter-Long Married Life-De Valera, 138-War Portents-Epitaphs Desired, 139.

1

"

NOTES ON BOOKS: A History of Pisa: Eleventh and
Twelfth Centuries- Epilegomena to the Study of Greek
Religion'-'Ann Dutton: A Life and Bibliography.'
OBITUARY:-William Jackson Pigott.
Notices to Correspondents.

Notes.

II.

In Anglo-Latin "miles auratus would mean simply a knight bachelor; but Duke Lorenzo's patent goes on to grant the new knight the right

Crucem auream aurato calcari insignitam ante pectus pendentem deferendi, Palliumque simili Cruce auro sericoque rubeo contexta ornandi.

Here we have clearly the insignia of the Order of the Golden Spur, known as St. Sylvester since its statutes were revised by Gregory XVI. in 1841 (Lawrence-Archer, Orders of Chivalry,' pp. 191-2, 331, and Plate XXXVI.).

Lawrence-Archer states that: "The Knights used to be styled, in their patents, 'Latern Counts Palatine.'" (ibid., p. 191). Perhaps we should read Lateran, but even then the description seems curious.

It is interesting to find Comes Pala

THE SFORZAS AND THE ORDER OF tinus" used in the original sense of "Count

THE GOLDEN SPUR.

I.

SOME time ago I had before me original letters patent issued in 1840 by Lorenzo Duke Sforza Cesarini ("Laurentius Dux Sfortia Caesarinus "), in which he recited that :

of the Palace," and still more interesting to find "Comes" combining its original meaning of "Companion" with that of "Count," the right being granted to the new knight uti Comiti Palatino Sanctissimum Dominum Nostrum Papam una cum aliis Comitibus con

comitandi.

III.

Paulus Papa III. per suas Literas Apostolicas The date of the foundation of the Order sub Plumbo expeditas sub datum Romae apud of the Golden Spur seems to be uncertain. Sanctum Petrum Anno Incarnationis Dominicae Lawrence-Archer mentions the legend that MDXXXIX. xviii. Kalendis Maji Pontificatus Sui Anno v. Majoribus nostris, Nobis, ac caeteris it was founded by Constantine and confirmed omnibus de Familia, et Prosapia Sfortia amplam, by Pope Sylvester, adding :-"The true liberam, et omnimodam facultatem, et auctor- origin, however, must be attributed to itatem inter alias concesserit Equites, et Milites either Pope Paul III. or to Pope Pius IV. Auratos, et Sacri Palatii, Aulaeque Lateranensis in 1559" (p. 191). This might mislead the Comites creandi, instituendi, et solemniter ordinandi, et quos benemeritos, dignosque censere- unwary reader into supposing that Pius IV. mus, Equitis Auratae Militiae, Comitisque Palatini succeeded Paul III. in that year; but hujusmodi titulo, nomine, et insignibus decorandi, Paul III. reigned from 1534 to 1549, and and proceeded, with a superfluity of words Pius was not elected until the night of