existing monastic records " had already been J. HAUTENVILLE COPE, Through the interest of his father, Sir Winston Churchill, he was appointed pageof-honour to the Duke of York, and at an early age he manifested a decided inclination for the profession of arms, which did not escape the notice of the Duke, for he received a Commission at the age of sixteen This being so, it would appear that he did not go, as suggested, to a school in France. LEES KNOWLES, Bt. Westwood, Pendlebury. BOTTLE-SLIDER (12 S. vii. 471, 516; viii. 37, 53). A somewhat similar contrivance to that noted by MR. BRADBURY existed in the In a Life of John, Duke of Marlborough, old Combination Room at Trinity Hall, "sold by John Baker in Pater Noster Row, Cambridge, but if I remember rightly the 1713," which I happen to possess, the coasters were leathern and the table semi-anonymous biographer writes:circular in front of the fireplace. I have frequently admired the coasters (and the port) in undergraduate days when invited by Mr. Henry Latham (the beloved "Ben" of all Hall men) to "go up after hall." Alas! the coasters must be nearly fifty years older. Aldeburgh. ARTHUR T. WINN. We had at the Royal Artillery Mess, Woolwich, small wagons of silver on wheels, each to take two bottles round the table after mess when the cloth was removed. This was forty years ago, but probably they are still in use. B. C. My grandmother had silver coasters, date, Queen Anne. Inherited by me are some silver-rimmed ones, the coaster itself being made of light-coloured polished wood, date, early 1700. Also I have some in papier mâché (?) coloured red and polished. E. C. WIENHOLT. 7 Shooters Hill Road, Blackheath, S.E.3. EDUCATION OF THE FIRST DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH (12 S. viii. 50).—I have before me a copy of the Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough' by William Coxe, in a new edition by John Wade, and dated 1847. In chap. i. it is stated: "Of the education of a person afterwards so illustrious, we only know that he was brought up under the care of his father, who was himself a man of letters, and author of a political history of England, entitled Divi Britannici.' He was also instructed in the rudiments of knowledge by a · neighbouring clergyman of great learning and piety: ......Soon after the Restoration, when his father was established at court, we find him in the metropolis, and placed in the school of St. Paul's. He did not. however, remain a sufficent time to reap the advantages afforded by this foundation, for he was removed to the theatre of active life, at a period when the ordinary course of liberal education is scarcely more than half completed." "No care was omitted on the part of his tender parents for a liberal and gentle education, for he was no sooner out of the hands of the women but he was given into those of a sequestered clergyman. who made it his first concern to instil sound principles of religion into him, that the seeds of humane literature might take the deeper root, &c." Lord Wolseley, in his Life of the Duke, earmarks this divine as the Rev. R. Farrant, Rector of Musbury Parish, who tutored young Churchill for ten or twelve years. When his father went to Ireland in 1662 young John attended the Dublin City Free School, of which the Rev. Dr. W. Hill, Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, was Master. He was, however, only there about 1663, and John was sent to St. Paul's School, a year, for his father returned to London in of which Samuel Cromleholme was at that time head master. He remained there till 1665, when the school was closed owing to the Plague, and with it young Churchill's education appears to have terminated. I can find no allusion in any of the "histories to his having been educated in France. WILLOUGHBY MAYCOCK. Old Service Books of the English Church.' By the Rev. Christopher Wordsworth and H. Littlehales. Methuen. 1904. 'Church Services and Service-Books before the 1907. POOR RELIEF BADGE (12 S. viii. 48).The following appears in one of the Church Reformation.' By the late Dr. B. Swete, S.P.C.K. wardens' Account Books Monday, Feb. 23, 1773 :— at Aldeburgh, "......do agree to fix the penalty upon the Overseers Aldeburgh. Woodhall Spa. J. CLARE HUDSON. to by BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER (12 S. viii. 49). YEW-TREES IN CHURCHYARDS (12 S. -What your inquirer needs will probably viii. 50).-The statute referred be found in the issues of the Parker Society, G. B. M. which required yew-trees to be 1847-55. This private Society was rather planted in churchyards for the supply of short-lived and long ago disbanded. Though bows is doubtless that passed in the reign its publications, all in funereal black cloth, of Richard III., in 1483, which according to have long been out of print, they may often Stow ordained a general planting of yew be met with cheaply in the antiquarian trees for the use of archers. Later on in bookshops. The three most likely volumes the time of Elizabeth it was enacted that they should be planted in churchyards in order to preserve and protect them from injury, and also to keep them out of the way of horses and cattle, in consequence of the poisonous property of the leaves. But there were other reasons assigned for the situation selected. are: *Liturgies. Primer, and Catechism set forth in the reign of King Edward VI....1844.' Svo. "Liturgies and Occasional Forms of Prayer set forth in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Edited by Wm. Keatinge Clay. 1847.' 8vo. 'Private Pravers put forth by authority in the reign of Q. Elizabeth'; the Primer' of 1559; the Orarium of 1560: the Preces privatæ' of 1564; the Book of Christian Prayers of 1578. With an appendix containing the Litany of 1544. Edited by W.K. Clay. 1851' 8vo. Full detailed list of Parker Society issues may be seen in Lowndes' 'Bibliographer's Manual,' vol. xi., pp. 55-58. W. Jaggard, Capt. Memorial Library, Stratford-on-Avon: "Three Primers put forth in the Reign of Henry VIII." will meet MR. HAMILTON'S requirement, as regards the Book of Common Prayer. They were published in one volume at the Oxford University Press in 1834, and would perhaps be easily met with secondhand or be found for consultation in a public library or on clerical shelves. ST. SWITHIN. of the church from damage by storms; a poor reason if we consider the slowness of growth and the horizontal direction of the branches, both of which, as pointed out by a writer in The Gentleman's Magazine (1786, p. 941): One was the protection : "prevent its rising high enough, even in a century, to shelter from storms a building of moderate height." Moreover, as seldom more than cne or churchyard, the amount of protection they two yews of any size are to be seen in a can afford in time of storms must depend upon whether they happen to be standing to windward or not. Evelyn in his well-known 'Sylva,' says :— "The best reason that can be given why the yew was planted in churchyards is that branches of it were often carried in procession on Palm Sunday instead of palms." This view is justified by the words of a much earlier authority, namely Caxton. called Palm Sunday." : In his 'Liber Festivalis,' 1483-oddly enough the date of the statute of Richard III. above mentioned-wherein the festivals of the Church are explained in four sermons, it is said with reference to Palm Sunday "We take ewe (sic) instead of palm and olyve, and beren about in processyon, and soe is thys day The last statute respecting the use of yew for bows is 13 Eliz. cap. 14 which directs that bow-staves shall be imported into England from the Continent, and fixes the price to be paid for them; e.g., bows meet for men's shooting, being outlandish yew of the best sort not over the price of 6s. 8d.; of the second sort 38. 4d.; of a coarser sort called livery bows 28.; and bows being English yew, 28. In 1595 an Order in Council dated Oct. 2, directed that the bows of the train bands It be exchanged for calivers and muskets. is believed that the last active service of the war-bow was in the conflict between Charles II. and his Scottish subjects, bowmen forming part of the forces commanded by Montrose. G. B. M. should refer to 'The Yew-trees of Great Britain,' by the late Dr. John Lowe (Macmillan, 1897) in which he will find much to his purpose. J. E. HARTING. but a glance at the books mentioned above, and to the Indexes of N. & Q.' will supply your correspondent with more than sufficient material to keep him guessing for some ARCHIBALD SPARKE. considerable time. There is a popular belief that such a statute as that mentioned was passed, but I have never heard where it may be found. (1) It seems unlikely that bows should be in great request as late as 1474 when gunpowder was displacing the old artillery. (2) Moreover, the yew tree seems a most unsuitable tree for the purpose of making bows. (3) And as G. B. M. hints in his query, it is strange that trees should be to the grown for that purpose in churchyards. In 1549 Tyndale's 'Prologues inserted in Matthew's Pentateuch were Bible, and before Exodus notes were printed on certain terms found in the text. Among an house made of bowes " (Doré's 'Old others is the definition of a It is more likely that yew Bibles,' p. 119). 66 "Boothe bowes to carry trees were grown in churchyards to provide the congregations with in the processions on Palm Sunday. W. F. JOHN TIMBRELL. Coddington Rectory, Chester. STATUES AND MEMORIALS IN THE BRITISH ISLES (12 S. viii. 25).—St. Paul's Cathedralin front of steps, inscription :: Here Queen Victoria | returned thanks to | Almighty God for the sixtieth anniversary of her accession | June 22, A.D. 1897. made. G. B. M. should consult the elaborate When this was first cut on the stone chapter on all this in Johnson's 'Byways "sixtieth the inscription ran in British Archæology.' Reference is made pavement I remember to an order of 1483 for the general planta-anniversary of her reign! tion of yews and another in Elizabeth's standing over it and reading with amazeThe alteration was of course quickly reign for plantation in churchyards, but the ment. Ú. L. author had found no such statutes or authority. He considers the yew an ancient LIGHT AND DARK "A HEADPIECE (12 S. sacred emblem which in later times helped viii. 52).—The light and dark "A" shewn to supply the village quota of bow-staves. R. S. B. in headpieces of books of the sixteenth and seventeenth century plainly refer to the in Lowe in 'The Yew-trees of Great Britain cypher mentioned 'Cryptographiae and Ireland,' 1897, devotes a chapter to the (Gustavus Selenus, 1624), p. 17. They why and wherefore of planting yew trees in indicate a method of secret writing in which letters of the secret message are churchyards, and quctes from Giraldus some Cambrensis (1184) and dozens of other changed, but not all, and in which each authorities. Various statutes are exhaus-letter may be itself or its twin, i.e., may be tively given in Hazlitt's Dictionary of Faiths and Folklore,' vol. ii., which were enacted for various purposes incidental to the subject. The consensus of opinion seems to be that originally these trees were planted in churchyards as an emblem of the resurrection owing to their perpetual verdure, dark (secret). This light (obvious) or method is suggested also in Du Bartas' 'Divine Weekes and Workes,' 1613, where a double circle (double O or cypher) is shewn with letters round it, part light, part dark are dedicated to Shakespeare's Sonnets "M. R. W. H.," and that arrangement to "CONTY (12 S. viii. 50).-Should not this word be "couter"? A couter is a common slang word for a sovereign, being derived, according to the 'Slang Dictionary (John Camden Hotten, London, 1869) from the Danubian Gipsy word cuta, a gold coin. Illustrations of its use are given in the 'N.E.D.,' which quotes the 'Slang Dictionary' for its origin. T. F. D. PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD STUART'S SWORDS (12 S. viii. 27).—The inscription on the second of the two swords mentioned at this reference would appear not to have been placed thereon by the order of Prince Charles even if the sword were presented by him. Not to speak of other serious difficulties, there was no such thing as "the Throne of Great Britain from the Jacobite point of view. The Act of Union was regarded as a mere nullity, like all post-Revolution legislation, for want of the assent of a lawful king. F. W. READ. FRENCH PRISONERS OF WAR (12 S. vii. 469, 517; viii. 38).-Your correspondent will find much to interest him in The Depôt for Prisoners of War at Norman Cross, Huntingdonshire, 1796 to 1816,' by T. J. Walker, M.D. (of Peterborough), Constable & Co., 1913. W. H. WHITEAR, F.R.Hist.S. SCOTT OF ESSEX (7 S. vi. 194; 12 S. viii. 11).—The late Mr. Golding's MSS. are, I believe, in the possession of the Essex Archæological Society at their Museum, Colchester Castle. WILLIAM GILBERT, F.R.N.S. AUTHOR OF QUOTATION WANTED. (12 S. viii, 12.) 2. The Observer on January 31, 1915, published a letter signed "Alice Cobbett," and dated from Uckfield, Sussex, from which I append an extract: "Last November the New York Herald published some verses of mine, in which I emphasised the Call of the Blood.' I have received in answer the enclosed verses from California. I have no knowledge whatever of the writer." We who are neutral (yet each lip with fervour Oh, England, never name us the time-server; We that so glory in your high decision, All Europe in our blood, but yours our vision; Notes on Books. Udimore: Past and Present. By Leonard J.. Hodson. (Robertsbridge, Sussex, 58. post free.) THIS pleasant little book deals with a small East 5 acres of water, having a population at the last Sussex parish consisting of 2,884 acres, with census of no more than 416 souls. It lies on a ridge between two valleys north and south on the western side of Rye; and in the earliest extant record of it-an entry in Domesday Book -appears, as the holding of one Rein bert, under the name of Dodimere. The families with which it was most notably associated in the Middle Ages are the Echinghams and the Elringtons.In the sixteenth century it passed to the Windsors, who were followed by the Bromfeilds, as these by the Comptons with whom it remained till 1843, when it was sold to Thomas Cooper Lang-ford. The The name, which cannot be explained with absolute certainty, and the church are the subject of a legend, of a well-known type. The site first chosen for the church was not acceptable, it seems, to Heaven. Work done by day disappeared during the night, till the watching parishioners beheld a company of angels taking up the materials. and conveying them across the water, chanting the while "Over the mere! Over the mere!" church built in legendary days has been replaced by an early English structure-small, bare, and plain, thought to be the work of a builder who made other churches in West Sussex. It has undergone divers vicissitudes in the way of decay, of lamentable alteration and restoration and, again, of restoration both careful and affectionate. It seems to have lost a south aisle, of which no trace remains-and has a curious feature in two doors side by side both now walled up. The interior has some interesting detail in the way of carving, but is in general, except for modern colouring, plain. Traces of ancient colour decoration have been discovered. Mr. Hodson goes thoroughly into every detail of it. The monumental inscriptions are both more numerous and more interesting than such often are in a church of this character. Our author gives a chapter to the history of the advowson and a list of the Incumbentswho for most of the time are styled Vicars,"" as but for a few decades subsequent to 1792, are described "Perpetual Curates." From Nicholas Chauntler (1600-1601) onwards most of the names have some notice attached to them. In 1676, the year of Archbishop Sheldon's religious census, a single Non-conformist was mentioned in the return for Udimore. Early in the nineteenth century Methodism gained a footing there, and flourished-to the extent of erecting a chapel, though not maintaining a resident minister. The chapter on Parish Records' gives us several good things in the way of detail as well as some interesting particulars regarding management under the old Poor Law, and the Under Misupkeep of the parish workhouse. cellanea is collected a number of interesting odd notes; and under the heading Ancient Homes and Families we are given a good account of the principal houses of parish-forming one of the best of these chapters. Those who possess Mr. Hodson's History of Salehurst' will find his Udimore no less useful and entertaining than the former work. The Adventures of Ulysses. By Charles Lamb. THIS is a delightful edition of a delightful little work. The short Introduction says what is necesary to make new-comers to the Odyssey at home in it inevitably negligible by most readers. But every one may be glad to have the sketch map and traditional itinerary of Ulysses : as also the illustrations and, again, the excellent notes, which, though calculated in the first instance, for children, are so pleasantly written and contain so many details which might not have been recalled by the reader, that even for an old lover of the Odyssey and of Lamb they contribute some additional enjoyment. Perhaps a word or two as to Greek vases in general would not have been amiss. A Saunter through Kent with Pen and Pencil. In this volume-the fourteenth of the series- THE January Quarterly deals chiefly with political and social questions. The three papers which depart from that field are, however, good enough to send a man of letters or of art to the First of these is review for their sake alone. Mr. Cloriston's rendering of Leopardi's Ginestra.' So far as any rendering of it can be satisfactory this may be esteemed so. We quote a short passage as example :There [i.e. at Pompeii], in the dread, uncertain hour of night, Through empty theatres, disfigured shrines, And houses rent in twain, Where the bat hides her brood, Like a funereal torch : Through silent palaces that flickering goes Dr. Hagberg Wright, in showing that Russian literature has for its meaning and intention the proclamation of the country's wrongs and sufferings, and the cry for freedom and justice, does not, indeed, present us with a new conception of that literature, but he fills out, justifies and illustrates the conception in a manner which will make his paper welcome to all students of Russia. Mr. Laurence Binyon, taking occasion by the Walpole Society's Publications, contributes a detailed and most interesting and instructive criticism of English art-showing how much stronger and more estimable is our tradition in painting than we are apt to suppose it to be, in spite of the ill-fortune which in great measure broke it up at a time when the traditions in art on the continent were at their highest point of glory. The notes on Eworth, Hilliard and Cooper, are especially stimulating, as are also the remarks on the influence of English painting abroad during the Middle Ages. Notices to Correspondents. EDITORIAL Communications should be addressed The Editor of Notes and Queries '"-Adverto " tisements and Business Letters to "The Publishers"-at the Office, Printing House Square, London, E.C 4.; corrected proofs to the Athenæum Press, 11 and 13 Bream's Buildings, E.C.4. ALL communications intended for insertion in our columns should bear the name and address of the sender-not necessarily for publication, but a guarantee of good faith. Ir is requested that each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the sigrature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. At Westwell is Ripley Court in the garden whereof Mr. Igglesden maintains that Jack Cade was killed. Here, too, is a well-known beacon, which gives occasion for the insertion of an interesting Carde, of the Beacons, in Kent,' about which we should have liked further in-are formation. The churches of all the parishes have been carefully studied and neatly described. Yet more valuable are perhaps the accounts of houses, quotations from old records, gossip concerning legends, family histories, and miscellaneous notes of which good abundance has been collected. WHEN answering a query, or referring to an article which has already appeared, correspondents requested to give within parentheses immediately after the exact heading-the numbers of the series, volume, and page at which the contribution in question is to be found. WILL the correspondent who wrote on the 26th inst. from Leominster kindly send his or her name? The type-written letter has signature. no |