law in his commentary, and that with a gravity which adds not a little to the drollery of the text. The 52nd Arrêt, under the title | "Des Maris umbrageux, qui pretendent la reformation sur les privilèges des Masques," and a 53rd, of a licentious character, entitled "Arrest rendu par l'abbé des Cornards," &c. were added to the greater number of the editions that appeared from 1541. The Arrêts have been translated into Spanish by Diego Gracian, and were published at Madrid in 2 vols. 8vo. in 1569. 2. "Les Vigilles de la Mort du feu roy Charles VII. à neuf pseaulmes et neuf leçons contenant la cronique et les faitz advenuz durant la vie dudit feu roy," Paris, about 1492, 4to., printed by Pierre le Caron. Another edition printed by Jehan du Pré, Paris, 1493, 4to., also 1505, 4to., besides four or five editions without date. An edition was printed at Paris in 1724, 8vo. in 2 vols. under the title "Les Poësies de Martial de Paris dit d'Auvergne." Martial d'Auvergne is indebted chiefly to this work for his reputation. It consists of between six and seven thousand verses, and gives a chronological and very circumstantial account of the misfortunes and exploits of Charles VII. and the principal events of his reign. The poet has named his work after the office of the Roman Catholic church called Vigils, the form of which he has adopted: the place of the psalms is occupied by historical narratives tending to the praise of the king, and which are recited like the lessons, by the nobility, clergy, and people, and also by France, peace, pity, the chaplain of the ladies, justice, church, &c. personified. The poem closes with the death of Charles VII., on the 22nd of July, 1461. 3. "L'Amant rendu Cordelier à l'Observance d'Amour," Paris, 1490, 4to., again about 1492, by Pierre le Caron. Also three early editions without date. It was also printed with the Arrêts d'Amour in 1731. Du Verdier mentions an edition in 1473, but the existence of such an edition appears to be very doubtful. This is a poem of two hundred and thirty-four strophes, each containing eight verses; and comprises an account of a disconsolate lover, who, having fallen asleep in a meadow, dreamt that he was driven to despair by the rigour of his mistress, and had resolved to become a Cordelier. The object of the poem is to show the folly and extravagance into which the passion of love plunges those who abandon themselves to it, and the despair it causes when unrequited. This work appeared anonymously, and has been attributed by some to Charles, Duke of Orleans, the father of Louis XII. The striking resemblance however between the style of this poem and the thirty-seventh Arrêt, where the case of the lover turned Cordelier is mooted, has led to its being generally assigned to Martial d'Au vergne. VOL. IV. 4. "Devotes Louanges à la Vierge Marie," Paris, 1492, 8vo. Again in 1494, 1498, and 1509, 8vo. The existence of an edition of 1489, mentioned by Denis and Panzer, is denied. This is a history of the life of the Virgin Mary, containing the usual amount of fable. Extracts from Martial d'Auvergne's poems are given in Auguis's " Poëtes François depuis le XII. siècle jusqu'à Malherbe," ii. 271-287. (Niceron, Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Hommes Illustres, ix. 171–183, x. 273–275; Goujet, Bibliothèque Françoise, x. 39-68; La Croix du Maine and Du Verdier, Bibliothèques Françoises, edit. Rigoley de Juvigny; Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, edit. 1843; Rolland, Recherches sur les Cours d'Amour-inserted in Leber, Collection des Meilleures Dissertations relatives à l'Histoire de France, xi. 307, &c., 1826; Mélanges tirés d'une Grande Bibliothèque (by the Marquis de Paulmy and others), iv. 331-356; Raynouard, Choix de Poësies des Troubadours, ii. 79-124, Introd.) J. W. J. AUVERGNE, PEYROLS D', a Provençal poet of the twelfth century. There has been much confusion between Peyrols, Pierre d'Auvergne, and Pierre de la Vernègue, both Ginguené and Nostradamus having in some cases confounded them together. Peyrols was born at the Château of Peyrols, close to Roquefort, in the apanage of the Dauphin d'Auvergne, Robert. The Dauphin, who was a poet and a patron of poets, was much pleased with his person, elegant manners, and the early indications he gave of poetical talents; and as he was without fortune, he charged himself with the care of his maintenance. Peyrols, in compliance with the custom of the troubadours, selected a lady whose beauty he might make the subject of his verses. His choice fell upon Ossalide de Claustre (called in the antient manuscripts Sail or Nassal de Claustra), the sister of the Dauphin, who was married to Beraud de Mercœur, a powerful baron of Auvergne. The Dauphin not only approved of this poetical passion, but is said to have extended his complaisance towards his favourite so far as to encourage and assist him in carrying it to a criminal extent. Peyrols appears to have been deficient in the discretion necessary to a favoured lover; for a time he complained in his verse of the cruelty of his mistress, but at length he changed his theme to the exultations of a successful passion. The baroness resented either the imprudence or the impertinence, and the Dauphin banished the poet from his court, who was thus compelled to seek his fortune elsewhere. He soon consoled himself for the loss of his mistress, and for some time led a dissolute life, wandering about the country, and supporting himself by visiting the courts of the great in the character of a jongleur. The third crusade at length aroused him; he determined to join R it, and composed on this occasion his Dialogue with Love, in which he answers all the reasons brought forward by the god to induce him to abandon his design, complains of the little profit or pleasure his service had brought him, and prays that peace may soon be restored between the kings of England and France, in order that they may prosecute the war against the infidels. The original of this poem, which ranks among the best of his compositions, is given by Fabre d'Olivet, in his "Troubadour; Poësies Occitaniques du Treizième Siècle" also by Rochegude and by Raynouard. A prose version appears in Sismondi; and Roscoe, in his translation of Sismondi, has rendered it into verse. Peyrols did in fact visit the Holy Land, as appears by a sirvente composed by him in Syria, after the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa had lost his life and the kings of England and France had abandoned the crusade. Raynouard has inserted it in his collection, vol. iv. p. 101. On his return to France, towards the close of the twelfth century, Peyrols married at Montpellier, and is supposed to have died there shortly afterwards. About twenty-five chansons and five tensons by him are said to be known, the greater part of which are preserved among the manuscripts of the Vatican, No. 3204, and those of the Bibliothèque du Roi at Paris, No. 7226. Seven are given by Raynouard, with several extracts: three by Rochegude; and prose translations of the principal are given by Millot. (Baluze, Histoire Généalogique de la Maison d'Auvergne, i. 65, ii. 252; Millot, Histoire Littéraire des Troubadours, i. 322-333; Raynouard, Choix des Poésies Originales des Troubadours; Histoire Littéraire de la France, xv. 454-456; Rochegude, Le Parnasse Occitanien, 88-94; Sismondi, De la Littérature du Midi de l'Europe, i. 141144, and Roscoe's Translation.) J. W. J. AUVERGNE, PIERRE D', a celebrated troubadour, who lived in the middle of the twelfth century, was the son of a citizen of the diocese of Clermont. Nostradamus calls him Peyre d'Aulvergne. He is described as possessed of a handsome person, with a cultivated mind, and of a prudent disposition. Until Girauld de Borneilh became known, he was considered as the best troubadour, and he was treated with proportionate distinction by persons of high rank. He is said to have been in such high favour with the ladies, that after reciting his verses to them he enjoyed the privilege of saluting her who most pleased him; a distinction he generally conferred upon Clarette de Baux, the beautiful daughter of the Lord of Berre. All these advantages, however, do not appear to have secured him a prosperous course in love. In one of his chansons he complains of the falsehood of women, and announces his determination to renounce love and seek for consolation in religion. He did so in effect, and after passing many years in the world with reputation he embraced a monastic life, in which state he continued until his death. When this even took place it is difficult to say. Emeric David, upon the authority of Ginguené, whose Life of Pierre de Vernègue, in the "Histoire Littéraire de la France," he refers to erroneously as the Life of Pierre d'Auvergne, states, in his biographies of the troubadours, that he died about the year 1195; there is, however, reason to conjecture that he was alive nearly twenty years later, as in two of his sirventes he exhorts Philippe Auguste of France, Otho IV., Emperor of Germany, and John, King of England (who were at war in 1214), to make peace among themselves, and join the Crusade for the recovery of Jerusalem. According to Raynouard, Pierre was the author of about twenty-five pieces, moral, satirical, warlike, religious, and amatory. He seems to have been most successful in the last species of composition, two specimens of which are particularly noticed by his biographers. In the first the poet addresses himself to a nightingale; he paints in lively colours his passion for his mistress, and begs it to go and repeat to her all that he has said. The bird executes his mission, and moreover exhorts the lady to avail herself of the springtime of life to love. Portions of these pieces have been successfully translated into verse by Miss Costello, in her "Pilgrimage to Auvergne," ii. 228, and still more elegantly by Edgar Taylor, in his "Lays of the Minnesingers," p. 243. In the second "Chanson" the nightingale conveys to the troubadour the lady's answer. His religious pieces are three in number, and are filled with declamations against the manners of the times. Pierre was extremely vain and arrogant. In two of his pieces he speaks of himself as unrivalled in the composition of verses, and in one of his sirventes he satirizes with great severity some of the troubadours of his time, including Girauld de Borneilh and Bernard de Ventadour, who were his successful rivals. Raynouard gives seven of his pieces, Rochegude two, Auguis two, and Millot various extracts in prose. The above is the most consistent account that can be extracted from the several authors who have treated of Pierre d'Auvergne by that name, or who seem to treat of him under some other. The confusion that prevails is, however, all but inextricable. In the "Histoire Littéraire de la France" he is confounded with Pierre de la Vernègue, and consequently no notice appears of him by his proper name in that work; and Raynouard, in the fifth volume of his work, has fallen into a similar error; while Millot conjectures, without any just grounds, that he may be the same as a Jacobin writer (a Dominican monk) of the thirteenth century known under 1 the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, at Paris, lived in the last half of the thirteenth century, and was celebrated for his scholastic learning. In 1272 the Rectorship of the University of Paris became vacant, and the University, not being able to agree in the election of a Rector, submitted the matter for decision to the papal legate, who, in 1275, appointed Pierre d'Auvergne to the vacant post. About the year 1300 he wrote "Summa Quæstionum quodlibeticarum." The time of his death is not known. (Bulæus, Historia Universitatis Parisiensis, iii. 418, 705; Oudin, Commentarius de Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, iii. 527, 528.) J. W. J. the name of Petrus de Alvernia. (Nostradamus, Vies des Poètes Provensaux, 162; Millot, Histoire Littéraire des Troubadours, ii. 15-27; Crescimbeni, Vite de' Poeti Provenzali, 121-124; Rochegude, Le Parnasse Occitanien, 135-141; Auguis, Les Poètes Français depuis le XII. Siècle jusqu'à Malherbe, i. 129-135; Raynouard, Choix des Poësies Originales des Troubadours.) J. W. J. AUVERGNE, PIERRE D', also called PETRUS DE ALVERNIA, ARVERNIA, or AVERNIA, and PETRUS DE CROS, as a descendant from that noble family, was a native of Auvergne, and was born about the middle of the thirteenth century. Under the instruction of St. Thomas Aquinas, he became AUVERGNE, ROBERT, surnamed one of the most celebrated philosophers of DAUPHIN D', was the son of Guillaume his time, and also a distinguished theologian. VIII. the Younger, Count d'Auvergne, and He was a Socius of the Sorbonne and also succeeded, on the death of his father in 1169, Canon of the cathedral of Paris, which dig- to that portion of the province which had nity he held until his death. Sammarthanus been ceded by Guillaume the Elder in the (Gallia Christiana) inserts him among the same year. He, like his father, bore the title bishops of Clermont in 1302, and assigns his of Count of Clermont, and in some of his death to the 25th of September, 1307; but Actes he is styled Count d'Auvergne. In he is said by others, to have died soon after the year 1195 he, together with Gui, Count the year 1301. He has been by some called of Auvergne, entered into an alliance with a Dominican monk, and also confounded Richard I., King of England, against Phiwith Pierre d'Auvergne the Troubadour, who lippe Auguste, King of France. [AUVERGNE, lived about a hundred years before him. GUI II., COUNT D'.] In the struggle which His works are:-1. " Appendix Commenta- ensued the French king took from him Isriorum divi Thomæ Aquinatis ad libros Aris-soire and other places, and deprived him of the totelis de Cœlo quos D. Thomas absolvere non potuit, nimirum ad Partem iii. et ad iv. integrum," printed with the Commentary of Thomas Aquinas," Venice, 1495, fol., 1506, fol., and 1562, fol. 2. "Commentarii in libros Aristotelis de Motibus Animalium, De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitæ, De Juventute et Senectute, De Respiratione, De Vita et Morte," Venice, 1507. 3. "Commentarii super quatuor libros Meteororum Aristotelis." Preserved in manuscript in the Navarre and Sorbonne libraries at Paris, and in the libraries of Baliol College and Merton College, Oxford. 4. Commentarii in Aristotelem de Somno et Vigilia." In manuscript in the Navarre and Sorbonne libraries, and in the library of Merton College, Oxford. 5. "Commentarius in xii. libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis." In manuscript in the Navarre library, and in the Bodleian. 6. "In Aristotelis libros de Sensu et Sensato et de Memoria et Reminiscentia." In manuscript in the library of Merton College, Oxford. 7. "Commentarius in Politica Aristotelis; In libros parvorum Naturalium; In libros De Causis." In manuscript in the library of St. Peter's College, Cambridge. (Quetif and Echard, Scriptores Ordinis Prædicatorum, i. 489; Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexikon, "Peter von Alvernia," "Peter von Auvergne;" Oudin, Commentarius de Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis, iii. 593; Catalogi librorum Manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ, Oxford, 1697.) J. W. J. AUVERGNE, PIERRE D', a Canon of 243 66 rights he possessed in Clermont; and Richard, regardless of his entreaties for assistance, left him to his own resources. Thus circumstanced, he threw himself upon the mercy of his sovereign, and by treaty, dated the 30th of September, 1199, acknowledged him as his immediate lord. By a treaty between the Dauphin and St. Louis, dated February, 1229, the Dauphin, after doing homage and taking the oath of fidelity to the king, is restored to the possession of several estates which Louis had placed under the wardship of Archambaud de Bourbon. The inference drawn from this treaty is that the Dauphin had joined Guillaume, Count of Auvergne, in his revolt against Louis during his minority. He died at a very advanced age, on the 22nd of May, 1234. Robert is described as an accomplished knight, and he held no mean rank among the troubadours of his time, to whom his court was always open. He received, among others, Peyrols d'Auvergne, Pierre d'Auvergne, Pierre Vidal, Faidit, Hugues Brunet, Perdigon, &c. His love of magnificence was great, and in the early part of his career he indulged it to an extent ruinous to his fortune; subsequently, however, by what means is not clearly known, he more than restored his exhausted finances. He was a writer as well as an admirer of verse. The Bishop of Clermont, his cousin, who is described as a bold, turbulent man, much addicted to sarcasm, composed some satirical verses against the Dauphin about the year 1212, who replied in R 2 a sirvente, and accused the bishop of having | name and arms under the authority of a caused the husband of a lady of whom he was enamoured to be assassinated. The bishop answered this retort by another satire, to which the Dauphin replied by a second sirvente, in which he reproached the bishop with having refused the rights of sepulture | to his best friends, because he found that they could not pay sufficiently large fees. The sirventes launched by Richard I., King of England, and the Dauphin, against each other, are extremely interesting. It has been stated above that Richard left the Dauphin and Gui II., Count of Auvergne, in the lurch after they had joined his party against their own king: the consequence of which desertion was that they were obliged to sacrifice a part of their lands as the price of peace. Shortly afterwards war recommenced between the English and the French king, and Richard again summoned the Dauphin and Count to his aid. They refused, and Richard published his sirvente against them, commencing with the line "Daufin ieu voill demander.” The Dauphin replied with a sirvente in Provençal, beginning "Reis, pus vos de mi chantatz," in which he defends his conduct with much dignity and firmness. This piece is his best, the subject-matter and the rank of his opponent affording him an opportunity to display his powers as a poet to the best advantage. His compositions are unsurpassed for purity of language and skill in versification. It appears from the sirventes against the bishop that Robert had joined the league against the Albigenses, and the Count of Toulouse on the entry of the Duke de Montfort into Languedoc. as The Dauphin is also the author of several tensons. Crescimbeni mentions some being among the manuscripts in the Vatican. One between the Dauphin and Perdigon is in the manuscript No. 7225 of the Bibliothèque du Roi, at Paris. His pieces will be found printed in Raynouard, iv. 256-259; v. 124-126; also in the" Histoire Littéraire de la France," with translations. Translations or paraphrases are given by Millot, i. 62-68; 303-312, and the Sirvente against Richard in Rochegude and Auguis. (Histoire Litteraire de la France, xviii. 607-615; L'Art de Vérifier les Dates, edit. 1818, x. 158; Raynouard, Choix des Poésies Originales des Troubadours; Millot, Histoire Littéraire des Troubadours; Rochegude, Parnasse Occitanien; Auguis, Les Poètes Français, &c. jusqu'à Malherbe, i. 95-98.) J. W. J. AUVERGNE, THEOPHILE MALO CORRET DE LA TOUR D', was born at Carhaix, in the department of Finisterre, on the 23rd of December, 1743. He was descended from the House of Bouillon, through an illegitimate branch; he, however, took the decree of the parliament of Paris. He received his early education under the Jesuits in the college at Quimper, and was placed at the proper age in the military school, where his assiduity and talents were rewarded with the Cross of Merit. His love of study was united to a passion for arms. History, languages, and antiquities occupied all his leisure time, but were never allowed to interfere with his duties as a soldier. On the 3rd of May, 1767, he entered the corps of musketeers, and after five months' service in the same year, he passed into the grenadier regiment of Angoumois, with a commission as sub-lieutenant. On the breaking out of the American war of independence, he asked leave to serve against the English in America: this application was refused, but he obtained permission to serve under the Duc de Crillon in the campaign of Minorca, and joined the Spanish army, then engaged in the siege of Mahon, as a volunteer. He distinguished himself greatly by his bravery and coolness, took a conspicuous part in every action, and contributed not a little both by his personal exertions and by his example to the injury and annoyance of the English. On one occasion, after a sharp conflict, he returned under the English battery to look for a wounded soldier, whom he raised on his shoulders and carried off in safety to the Spanish camp. The Duc de Crillon was so much struck with this generous act that he immediately offered him the command of the numerous corps of volunteers. Auvergne declined the offer: but afterwards, in 1782, accepted the post of aide-de-camp to the duke, whom he served in this capacity until the end of the campaign. On the termination of the American war in 1783, Auvergne rejoined his regiment, in which he rose to the rank of captain. At the earnest solicitation of the Duc de Crillon, he visited Madrid in 1786, where he was received in the most flattering manner by the Spanish court. Charles III. conferred upon him the military order of Calatrava, and at the same time offered him a pension, according to some, of one thousand livres; others say three thousand: the pension he refused, although he was poor. When it became necessary for the French to defend their revolution by arms, Auvergne was among the first volunteers. As senior captain he accepted from the general-in-chief, Muller, the command of all the companies of grenadiers, amounting to 8000 men (which were united, and obtained the name of the Infernal Column), but he refused all further promotion, although the rank of general was frequently offered to him. During this war, his principal exploits were performed with the army of the Western Pyrenees. In 1794 he made himself master of St. Sebastian by the following daring manoeuvre. He threw him self into a skiff with a single eight-pounder, | and sailed for the rock on which the place is situated. He landed and immediately summoned the commander to surrender, telling him that the French had brought all their artillery with the determination of reducing the fortress. "But, captain," said the commander, thrown off his guard, "you have not fired a single shot against the citadel; at least do me the honour to salute it, otherwise I cannot surrender to you." Auvergne immediately returned to his skiff and brought his eightpounder to play, which was answered by a shower of bullets. He then returned, and the keys of the citadel were delivered to him. In the course of the Spanish campaign he made eight or nine thousand prisoners, and rendered himself master, among other places, of the extensive foundries of Eguy and ObeyRetie. Peace was concluded between France and Spain on the 22nd of July, 1794. In the following year Auvergne embarked at Bayonne with the intention of returning to France, but the vessel was captured by the English, and he remained a prisoner in England until 1796. On his return to France, he found his place in his regiment filled up, a report having been circulated that he was dead. The value of his commission was paid him in assignats, and he retired to the village of Passy on a pension. This pension he transferred to a poor family; and soon afterwards quitted his retirement, under circumstances truly characteristic of his noble and generous nature. M. Lebrigant, a man of letters of much merit, advanced in years, was dependent on an only son eighteen years of age: this youth was summoned to join the army under the conscription. Auvergne no sooner heard of the painful situation of M. Lebrigant, who was his friend, than he hastened to the Directory, and asked permission to supply the young man's place, whom he thus restored to his father. His destination was the army of the Rhine, with which he continued until the treaty of Campo Formio, which was signed in 1797. He retired from service for a short time, and then joined his old comrades during the operations in Switzerland. Ill health compelled him once more to seek retirement, but before the close of the century he again offered his services. As he declined any other rank than that of captain, Napoleon conferred upon him in the month of May, 1799, the title of First Grenadier of France. This distinction was communicated to him through Carnot, then Minister of War, and was accompanied by a sabre of honour. Auvergne at this time served in the forty-sixth demi-brigade, which formed part of the army of the Danube, under the command of General Moreau. After the passage of the Danube the French gained several victories over the enemy, and made themselves masters of Swabia and part of 66 I Bavaria. The Austrian general, Kray, was closely pursued, and on the 27th of June, 1800, the division of the French army, under the command of Lecourbe, came up with him at the village of Oberhausen, near Neuburg. A furious conflict took place. In the midst of the fight, Auvergne attempted to seize one of the enemy's standards, but received a thrust from a lance which pierced him to the heart. His last words were die contented--I desired so to end my life." He was buried with his colonel and twentyseven officers on the spot on which he perished. By the unanimous desire of his comrades, his heart was deposited in an urn and carried by a fourrier at the head of his company: at each roll-call the sergeant commenced with the name of Auvergne, to which the fourrier replied, "Dead on the field of honour." By a decree of the Consuls, his sword of honour was suspended in the church of the Invalids, then called the temple of Mars, and the urn in which his heart was enclosed was, after some time, deposited in the Pantheon. On the restoration of the Bourbons, this urn was claimed and held by a family of the same name as the deceased, but by a decree of the Cour Royale, passed early in the year 1837, it has been ordered to be delivered up to a family named Kersausie. Three monuments have been erected to his memory; one on the height behind Oberhausen, raised by his grenadiers in a single day, another in the city of Carhaix in 1801, and the third in the same neighbourhood in the year 1841. Many anecdotes are extant respecting Auvergne. They show a singular consistency of character, and justify the numerous eulogiums that have been passed upon him for modesty, bravery, disinterestedness, and magnanimity. The affection of his soldiers shielded him effectually against the revolutionary fury which, in the midst of his exertions for France, would have sacrificed him as a noble. He is said to have borne a striking resemblance both in features and character to his grand uncle, the Marshal de Turenne. The comparison is rather in favour of Auvergne than otherwise: he was never beaten in battle; never faltered in his fidelity to the republic; and never deserted his colours. So much cannot be said of the marshal. It is true Auvergne never was at the head of an army, but as commander of eight thousand grenadiers, his post was far from unimportant. The short periods of leisure which were enjoyed by Auvergne were devoted to philological and antiquarian researches. He was familiar with all the languages of Europe. In 1792, he published at Bayonne, in 8vo., "Nouvelles Recherches sur la langue, l'origine, et les antiquités des Bretons, pour servir à l'histoire de ce peuple. Par M. L. T. D. C., Capitaine au 80o régiment d'Infanterie." He |