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accent alliteration analysis appear approach argue argument authors borrowing Cambridge chapter City clause clusters complex consider consonant constraint constructions context contrast correlation demonstrative described dialect diffusion discourse discussion distinction effects English equative evidence example expected experiment explain expressions fact Figure final focus frequency functional given grammar important infixation interpretation inventory involve issue John language learning less lexical linguistic marked meaning natural occur pairs pattern perception phonetic phonological pitch pitch accent population position possible predicted present Press production properties proposed provides question reference semantic sentence short-a significant similar social speakers speech split stress structure suggests syllable syntactic Tagalog tense theory tion transfer University variable variation verb volume vowel York