Zola was the spokesperson for the naturalist novel in France and the leader of a school that championed the infusion of literature with new scientific theories of human development drawn from Charles Darwin (see Vol. 5) and various social philosophers. The theoretical claims for such an approach, which are considered simplistic today, were outlined by Zola in his Le Roman Experimental (The Experimental Novel, 1880). He was the author of the series of 20 novels called The Rougon-Macquart, in which he attempted to trace scientifically the effects of heredity through five generations of the Rougon and Macquart families. Three of the outstanding volumes are L'Assommoir (1877), a study of alcoholism and the working class; Nana (1880), a story of a prostitute who is a femme fatale; and Germinal (1885), a study of a strike at a coal mine. All gave scope to Zola's gift for portraying crowds in turmoil. Today Zola's novels have been appreciated by critics for their epic scope and their visionary and mythical qualities. He continues to be immensely popular with French readers. His newspaper article "J'Accuse," written in defense of Alfred Dreyfus, launched Zola into the public limelight and made him the political conscience of his country.
Emile Zola wurde am 2.4.1840 in Paris geboren. Sein italienischer Vater war Ingenieur, die Mutter war gebürtige Französin. Der Vater starb 1847. 1843-1858 lebte er in Aix-en-Provence. Die Mutter zog Ende 1857 nach Paris und ließ Emile im Februar 1858 nachkommen. Dort bestand er nicht das Abitur im Lycée Louis-le-Grand und arbeitete zuerst als Schreiber beim Hafenzoll, dann als freier Journalist. 1862 bekam er eine Anstellung im Verlagshaus Hachette, das er nach dem Erfolg seiner ersten beiden Bücher wieder verließ. 1898 setzte er sich mit einem Brief für die Unschuld von Dreyfus ein (J'accuse) und wurde zu Gefängnis und einer Geldstrafe verurteilt, konnte jedoch nach England entfliehen. 1899 kehrte er nach einer Amnestie zurück. Zola starb am 29.9.1902 in Paris.
