Steno on Muscles: Introduction, Texts, Translations

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American Philosophical Society, 1994 - 252 Seiten
A main work on muscular action, the "Elements of Myology," by the Danish anatomist Niels Stensen (1638-1686) was written at a time when the teachings of Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Aristotle, & Galen were still the foundations upon which scholarly learning on the human body were built. In this work as in several other areas of research, Stensen described a structure vs. time relation as a dynamic process. From macroscopic observations of a number of muscles in several animal species, he described the contraction of compound muscles arranged in unipennate structures with an angle between muscle fibers & tendons. He found that the observed swelling of a muscle during contraction was not an argument for an expansion of its volume. Contents of this study: (1) Stensen's Myology in HIsotrical Perspective, by Troels Kardel, M.D.; & (2) Translations of Niels Stensen's "New Structure of the Muscles & Heart" (1663) & "Specimen of Elements of Myology" (1667) with Facsimile of First Editions" annotated by Harriet Hansen, M.A., & Aug. Ziggelaar, S.J., Ph.D. Reprint. Illus.

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Seite 64 - Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze. But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and read the letters in which it is composed. It is written in the language of mathematics...
Seite 239 - If a side of any triangle be produced, the exterior angle is equal to the two interior and opposite angles ; and the three interior angles of every triangle are equal to two right angles.
Seite 239 - If one side of a triangle be produced, the exterior angle is greater than either of the interior, and opposite angles.
Seite 72 - A Treatise on the Management of Female Complaints; by Alexander Hamilton, MD Professor of Midwifery in the University, and Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, &c. Eighth Edition, revised and enlarged, with Hints for the Treatment of the Principal Diseases of Infants and Children ; by Dr James Hamilton, Jun. Professor of Midwifery in the University of Edinburgh, &c. 10s. 6d. bds. Hint...
Seite 69 - But if a paradigm is ever to triumph it must gain some first supporters, men who will develop it to the point where hardheaded arguments can be produced and multiplied. And even those arguments, when they come, are not individually decisive. Because scientists are reasonable men, one or another argument will ultimately persuade many of them. But there is no single argument that can or should persuade them all.
Seite 239 - If two triangles have the two sides equal to two sides respectively, and have the angles contained by the equal straight lines equal, they will also have the base equal to the base, the triangle will be equal to the triangle, and the remaining angles will be equal to the remaining angles respectively, namely, those which the equal sides subtend.
Seite 225 - Proclus, in the whole of geometry certain leading theorems, bearing to those which follow the relation of a principle, all-pervading, and furnishing proofs of many properties. Such theorems are called by the name of elements ; and their function may be compared to that of the letters of the alphabet in relation to language...
Seite 239 - But in equal and equiangular parallelograms the sides about the equal angles are reciprocally proportional. [vi. 14] Therefore, as AB is to CD, so is CH to AG.
Seite 239 - Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another. 2. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal. 3. If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal. 4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
Seite 239 - PROPOSITION 30. Parallelepipedal solids which are on the same base and of the same height, and in which the extremities of the sides which stand up are not on the same straight lines, are equal to one another. Let CM, CN be parallelepipedal solids on the same base AB and of the same height, and let the extremities of their sides which stand up, namely AF...

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