rétablir des relations de paix et d'amitié entre leurs Gouvernements et leurs sujets respectifs, ont résolu de conclure un Traité de Paix et ont choisi à cet effet pour leurs Plénipotentiaires : etc.

Art. I. Peace declared 'à perpétuité'.

By Art. II the Sultan cedes to the Allies all the territory of Turkey in Europe west of a line drawn from Enos on the Aegean Sea to Midia on the Black Sea, with the exception of Albania.

Art. III leaves to the six Great Powers the demarcation of the frontiers of Albania and all other questions concerning Albania.

Art. IV cedes Crete to the Allies.

Art. V leaves it to the six Great Powers to decide the destiny of all the Turkish islands of the Aegean Sea, except Crete and the peninsula of Mount Athos.

By Art. VI the Sultan and the allied sovereigns leave questions of a financial character and territorial cessions mentioned above to the international commission convoked at Paris.

Art. VII. Questions relating to prisoners of war, jurisdiction, nationality, and commerce to be regulated by separate conventions.

Final Article. Ratifications to be exchanged in London within the shortest possible interval.

'En foi de quoi,' etc.

XIV. Conference of Bucarest, 1913

The Treaty of Peace which was arranged at this Conference was signed 28 July/10 Aug. 1913.

The preamble is :

<Traité de paix.

LL. MM. le Roi de Roumanie, le Roi des Hellènes, le Roi de Montenegro et le Roi de Serbie, d'une part, et S. M. le Roi des Bulgares, d'autre part, animés du désir de mettre fin à l'état de guerre actuellement existant entre Leurs pays respectifs, voulant, dans une pensée d'ordre, établir la paix entre Leurs peuples si

longtemps éprouvés, ont résolu de conclure un Traité définitif de LL. dites MM. ont, en conséquence, nommé pour LL. Plénipotentiaires, savoir: etc.'1

paix.

Art. I. Peace declared.

Art. II. Future frontier between Bulgaria and Rumania. Art. III. Future frontier between Bulgaria and Serbia. Art. IV. Questions relating to the former Serbo-Bulgarian frontier to be regulated in accordance with the agreement between the two High Contracting Parties recorded in the Protocol annexed to the present article.

Art. V. Future frontier between Greece and Bulgaria. Art. VI. The signature of the Treaty to be at once notified to the respective Head-Quarters. On the morrow of the notification the Bulgarian Government to place its army on a peace footing.

Art. VII. Evacuation of Bulgarian territory, old as well as new, to commence immediately after the demobilization of the Bulgarian army, and to be completed at latest in a fortnight. The zone of demarcation of the Rumanian army during this interval is laid down.

Art. VIII. So long as the occupation of Bulgarian territory lasts, the different armies will retain the right of requisitioning supplies, which must be paid for in coin. They will have the free use of railways for all purposes without indemnifying the local authority. Wounded and sick to be under the protection of the armies.

Art. IX. Prisoners of war to be mutually restored as soon as possible after the exchange of ratifications. Cost of maintenance of prisoners to be repaid by the State to which they belong.

Art. X. Ratifications to be exchanged at Bucarest in fifteen days or earlier if possible.

1 Nouv. Rec. Gén., 3a série, vii. 61, from the Rumanian copy.

Congresses

10. WHO SIGNS, AND ORDER OF SIGNATURE.

I. Congress of Vienna, 1814-15

During the Congress of Vienna the protocols of the Five Great Powers, even after the signature of the 'Règlement sur le rang des agents diplomatiques', of March 19, 1815, were signed pêle-mêle. Those of the Eight Powers who were parties to the Treaty of Paris of May 30, 1815, were at first signed pêle-mêle, but after March 19 the signatures were in alphabetical order of the French names of the Powers.

The Treaty of Vienna was signed only by the plenipotentiaries of the Eight Powers who were still at Vienna, with the exception of Spain, in the alphabetical order of the French language. But Spain acceded to the Treaty May 7, 1817. This order was adopted by agreement, in spite of the provision of the Règlement that in instruments and treaties between more Powers than one, who admit the alternat, the order of signature shall be determined by lot. Is it to be inferred that in 1815 some of the Eight Powers did not accord the alternat to all the others?

Sweden signed with the reservation of Articles CI, CII, and CIV, relating to the possession of the principality of Lucca by the Infanta Maria Luisa (CI), the reversion thereof to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, in case of the failure of her male descendants, of herself or her male descendants obtaining another establishment or succeeding to another branch of the dynasty to which they belonged (CII), and the re-establishment of Ferdinand IV on the throne of the Two Sicilies (CIV).1

II. Conference of London, 1830-33

The protocols were signed by all the plenipotentiaries, nearly always in the following order: Austria (First 1 D'Angeberg, 1433.

1

Plenipotentiary), France, Prussia, Russia (First Plenipotentiaries), Austria (Second Plenipotentiary), Great Britain, Russia (Second Plenipotentiaries). On the three occasions when Netherland plenipotentiaries were present, they signed after France.

The Treaty of November 15, 1831 was signed in the following order: Belgium, Austria (two), France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia (two).

The treaties of 1839 were signed as follows:—1st, between the Five Powers and Belgium: left column, the Powers in French alphabetical order, right column, Belgium; 2nd, between the same and Holland,' left column, the Powers in the same order, right column, Holland ; 3rd, a Treaty, comprising the same provisions, was signed between Belgium and Holland alone.3

III. Conference of London, 1850-52

The first two protocols of this Conference were signed in the following order: Chargé d'affaires of Austria, Danish minister, French ambassador, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Russian minister, Swedish and Norwegian minister. The third was not signed by the Austrian chargé d'affaires, but he signed the fourth. The protocol of the final meeting of April 28, 1852, was signed by the Prussian plenipotentiary also, after the British Secretary of State.

The Treaty of May 8 was signed on the left hand by the plenipotentiaries of all the signatory Powers, except the plenipotentiary of Denmark, who signed by himself on the right hand. The alternat was duly observed, each plenipotentiary signing at the head of the column the copy destined for his Government.

1 1 B. & F. S. P. xxvii. 1000.

3 Ibid. xxxvii. 1320.

2 Ibid. 992.

IV. Congress of Paris, 1856

The protocols were signed in the French alphabetical order of the Powers represented. The Treaty was signed in the same order, but with the usual observation of the alternat.

V, VI, VII. Conferences of London, 1867 and 1871 Congress of Berlin, 1878

Protocols signed by the plenipotentiaries in the usual alphabetical order. Treaties signed by the plenipotentiaries in alphabetical order, one copy for each Power, but with strict observance of the alternat.

VIII. Conference of Berlin, 1884-5

Protocols signed in the usual alphabetical order, except that the German plenipotentiaries signed last. General Act signed by the plenipotentiaries in the usual order, with strict observation of the alternat.

IX. First Hague Peace Conference, 1899

The procès-verbaux of the séances plénières of the committees and sub-committees were not signed. The Acte Final, of which there was only a single copy, was signed by the plenipotentiaries in the usual alphabetical order.

Conventions and Declarations were also signed, in a single copy, by the plenipotentiaries in the usual alphabetical order.

X. Conference of Algeciras, 1906

The procès-verbaux of séances plénières and of sittings in committee were signed by the president and countersigned by the secretaries.

The Acte Général and the Protocole Additionnel, of which there was only one copy each, were signed by the plenipotentiaries in the usual alphabetical order.