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Iranians in Ancient Times,' 1885, vol. i. For the custom among the PP. 56 f. Parsis, modern see Dosabhai Framji Karaka, History of the Parsis,' 1854, vol. i. pp. 161 ff.; Bombay Gazetteer,' vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 229 (1899).

There are numerous references to these customs scattered through Indian anthropological literature, which I shall be pleased to supply to M. GAIDOZ if the books quoted above do not furnish sufficient information.

EMERITUS.

CHRISTMAS EVE (11 S. viii. 501).-To the literature of the Midnight Mass quoted by ST. SWITHIN add 'Les Trois Messes Basses, one of the best of Daudet's Contes de Lundi.' It is the tale of a greedy priest who hurried over his Masses while his thoughts were with the réveillon supper afterwards, and of his punishment.

It does not seem to me quite impossible that Mistral may be right in describing supper as before Mass in his country. There would be hardly any communicants among those who were going to attend, and in any case the fast before Communion only begins at midnight, so that even the celebrating priest would be committing no technical fault if he partook of the supper first. The only difficulty is that the supper would have to be maigre. Perhaps somebody who knows Provence well could enlighten us on S. G. this point.

A LOST PORTRAIT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON (11 S. viii. 487).-On 28 June, 1791, the Earl of Buchan wrote to Washington :—

"I beg your Excellency will have the goodness to send me your portrait, that I may place it among those I most honor, and I would wish it from the pencil of Mr. Robertson."

The artist was Archibald Robertson, who reached America late in 1791. On 1 May, 1792, Washington wrote to the Earl of Buchan :

"My portrait......has just been finished by Mr. Robertson (of New York), who has also undertaken to forward it."

On 8 Nov., 1793, Robertson wrote to the Earl of Buchan that the portrait had been sent in charge of Col. Tobias Lear, Washington's secretary.

"Colonel Lear delivered the picture safely at its destination. In a subsequent letter of thanks to the artist the Earl expressed his entire satisfaction with the result."

Besides the above-mentioned portrait, Robertson painted miniatures of Washington and of his wife, and a portrait of Washington "in water-colours on a marble slab," owned

(in 1890) by Mrs. M. M. Craft, a daughter of In an undated account written the artist. by Robertson himself we read :

"The original one painted for Lord Buchan was in oils, and of a size corresponding to those of the collection of portraits of the most celebrated ture in the possession of his lordship at Dryburgh worthies in liberal principles and in useful literaAbbey, near Melrose, on the borders of Scotland.

All the above extracts are taken from an

interesting article by Edith Robertson Cleveland on Archibald Robertson, and his Portraits of the Washingtons,' in The Century In 1897 Magazine for May, 1890, xl. 3-13. Mr. Charles H. Hart stated that "the large (McClure's Mag., picture is still in Scotland viii. 291-308). If the portrait is not now at Dryburgh Abbey, it would be interesting to know when it disappeared.

Boston, Mass.

ALBERT MATTHEWS.

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LISTS OF BISHOPS AND DEANS IN CATHEDRALS (11 S. ix. 7).-There is a list of the Bishops and Deans of Norwich at the west end of the Cathedral there; and I see by the Roman Catholic papers that a list of the Bishops and Archbishops who have ruled over the diocese of Westminster has been affixed to one of the pillars of Westminster Cathedral. FREDERICK T. HIBGAME. 23. Unthank Road, Norwich.

"SS" (11 S. viii. 350, 397, 475).-Let me recommend your correspondent and others to read The Collar of SS, a History and a Conjecture,' by Arthur P. Purey-Cust, D.D., Dean of York (Leeds, Richard Jack son, 1910). In spite of this interesting monograph, I think the subject deserves still further research; and that it will doubtless get from another generation.

ST. SWITHIN.

Notes on Books.

A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Edited by Sir James A. H. Murray.-SorrowSpeech (Vol. IX.). By W. A. Craigie. (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 58.)

THE total number of words contained in this section is 2,642, something more than 1,600 in excess of the greatest number recorded by any other English dictionary within this alphabetical division. In the so portion native words predominate, as they also do, but much less markedly, in the sp portion.

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The clear setting forth of the gradations from "sari" to sorry" ought finally to dispose of the often-scotched popular notion that " sorry comes from " sorrow. We fancy that the adoption of the double "r" has contributed as much as the vowel change towards the mistake.

The article "sort" is, on the whole, very good, and contains one or two specially neat definitions-e.g., that for the phrase "a sort of"; but many of the idioms are poorly explained and illustrated. Thus, for example, "of sorts" could have been made more interesting by a consideration of some of the material which our correspondents have lately furnished to our columns; and "out of sorts is not attempted to be accounted for. The first quotation for the latter goes back to the early seventeenth century. In the first part of this section public documents have been drawn upon more largely than usual for examples: thus we have from Rolls of Parliament,' vi. (1482), "that the Samon shuld be wele and truly pakked and sorted in the same vessells." "Sorted out" has as its first instance a quotation from More, 1534. The compilers have not failed to notice Locke's abortive attempt to introduce "sortal" as a parallel term to "general.” "Sot"-of unknown origin, the Med. L. sottus being recorded from about 800furnishes a short, but pithy article. In the sense of a drinker it seems to have been first used by Nashe. "Sot-weed" for tobacco was used apparently throughout the eighteenth century. "Sotie" is one of the most interesting of the foreign words. In its first sense as "foolishness" it was adopted by Gower and Caxton. Its later sense is that of a technical name for satirical farces in vogue in France during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The compilers have also found it in Gage (1648) as the English rendering of the Spanish "azotea,' a terrace or flat roof. "Sotto voce seems to have been first used by Chesterfield; " soubrette" (Fr. soubret, coy, reserved) by H. Walpole. A quaint indication of the influence of the eye in bringing in new words or reviving old ones is supplied by "sough" (sb. and v.). The word had died out of English before the sixteenth century, and was revived by the literary in the nineteenth; but though there was general agreement as to how to spell it, there was none as to how to pronounce it, and, common as it is in poetical writing, the Dictionary admits that it may be sounded to rime either with "ruff" or " plough." As its use is largely onomatopoic, and consciously so, it seems odd that the sound has not been settled. "Soul" (the ultimate etymology of which remains uncertain) is a highly interesting piece of work. The division dealing with "the three souls" — vegetative, sensible, and rational — is

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particularly instructive. Considering the wealth of literature on the subject, it is amusing to see the compilers have gone to The Daily News of 1899 for a quotation to the effect that "the soul was a little, bloodless, fleshless thing." from the same source, Another quotation became something of a Soul," in which the capital letter seems to imply a special denomination, is the only reference we can find to the famous "Souls" who played so promi nent a part in the society of the late eighties and early nineties, and might as well have been noted as Aytoun's "Spasmodic school." The compounds. with soul are numerous and well illustrated, "soul-scot" and "soul-shot," "soul-bell" and "soul-mass," being among the best. "Sound," again, is a very fine article, occupying, with its derivatives, nearly twenty-two columns. It is immensely more expressive with the excrescent "d," which established itself during the sixteenth century; but we are informed that as late as 1582 Stanyhurst condemned this-an instance of popular taste proving superior to that of the learned. Under sounder, a herd of wild swine, the curious error is noted by which in Pope's Odyssey' the word is used for a wild boar's lair. Soup" affords some interesting colloquialisms. The first quotation in which it is used in legal slang for briefs for prosecutions, with the fees thereto attaching, comes from The Law Times, 1856. One would like to know how long it had been established before that serious organ of the profession took it up. The earliest example of "in the soup" comes from Dakota (1889). Under "sour," though the ultimate origin of the word is uncertain, its appearance in Slav languages, and the derivation of the Fr. "sur and 'surelle from the Germanic syllable, are interesting. A curious useof the word, which apparently survives in Midland dialect, is instanced from The London Gazette of 1713:"A strong, sower Horse," meaning a coarse or "heavy" animal. The" collocations," too, are worth study. The compilers have noted Udall's "olde 'soureswyg' of Moses lawe" from. Erasmus. The obsolete uses of "source" afford something new. In the fourteenth century the word was used for "support" or "underprop"; then, and also later, it was used of the rise on the wing of a hawk, and of the rising of the sunsenses drawn from its origin, "sourdre." A short account, but notable for its quotations from out-ofthe-way works, is that of "sourish."

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"Souse," again, is a syllable which heads a careful collection and arrangement of instructive and entertaining instances. We were a good deal surprised at the definition given of "south": That one of the four cardinal points which is opposite the north." We know not whether this is due to some astronomical convention, but even in that case it seems a poor definition, and' especially so when one considers that, for the ordinary, unastronomically practised person, the identification of the south is so much more easy than that of the north. Under "sovereign" we have a separate division for the forms, which are very numerous, and set out here with an admirable scholarly clearness. Milton's "sovran "-adopted. also by Coleridge and Lamb-is treated as an independent word, which, since it shows the derivation more plainly than the usual form, might well be more generally adopted.

Another particularly good article is " space," which begins with “þair faith lasted littel space.

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The jourfrom 'Cursor M.,' 1300, and fills two columns with uses of the word signifying "time." on space," spacenalistic uses of the word, space-man," are Americanisms which writing," " 66 space-teledate apparently from the eighties. Nature and The Engineering Magazine used graphy" for "wireless telegraphy" soon after this One of the earliest quotations was first invented. in this whole number is, appropriately enough, the illustration for "spade," c. 725, from the Corpus Gloss, Uangas, spadan." The examples for "To call a spade a spade" show how the sense of the proverb has subtly altered. In its sixteenth-century application it meant that one called a spade a spade because one knew no more ornamental name to call it by. "Spagyric"-alchemist or alchemical-used by Paracelsus, was, it is thought, probably invented by him-a very cunning expressive "Spain" and the spandril, Span," spare,' invention. numerous words derived from it, "spar," we noted as specially interesting, spancel and "spark Among old country or artisan words .and sparable" repay looking up. Sir C. Napier wrote in 1844, "Gough himself is all right, only spancelled by his staff," an expression which seems to argue a more than usually thorough country bringing-up. The word is used for the short rope cow during milking. which ties the legs of a "Sparse as applied to population is now so ordinary that one may be surprised to find it a rela"Sparth,' ," the longtively new Americanism. handled Irish battle-axe, is the most interesting of the few Scandinavian words which occur here. The words derived from "species" fill an imposing number of columns; they have a distinctively modern ring, but it may astonish some students of the Dictionary to notice how long ago and how thoroughly many of them had rooted themselves in the language.

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ALTHOUGH N. & Q.' has no concern with politics, national or international, we cannot forbear a word or two of appreciation of the Aga Khan's article in the January Edinburgh Review. It gives an admirably clear summary of the Indian Moslem Outlook,' and therewith of an historical situation which has hardly been surpassed in interest since MohamMr. Lytton medanism itself came into being. Strachey has a good study of Henri Beyle, which ought to send many readers anew to their Stendhal. Most readers of the recent monthlies will know more or less what to expect from Dr. Georges Chatterton-Hill's interesting paper on Contemporary French Literature,' which, like others from his pen, cannot but awaken sympathy and expectation, yet from a certain lack of critical intuition fails somehow to carry conviction. Lord Redesdale discourses more on the subjects treated of by Mr. Houston Stewart Chamberlain than on that writer himself. The most interesting pages are those conMr. Walter De la Mare, in his usual cerned with Kant. 'Current Literature,' meditates in manner, graceful, often suggestive, never tediously profound, on eight books about as wide apart from one another as books on literature could well be. Mr. Felix Clay's Renaissance of Dancing and Mr. Lawrence Haward's 'A Year's Opera' are both worth reading. Dr. R. Murray contributes a study of the mind of Sir Thomas More which is decidedly worth reflecting on, though the point of view from which it is written, admitting as it does of quotation from Herbert Spencer, is now a little

article in the number we thought Dr. Shipley's
As Beyle read the Code
remote. The most workmanlike and best-written
The Honey Bee.'
Napoléon, so our writers of prose might do well
who are able to write.
to read scientific works by those men of science

The Antiquary. January. (Elliot Stock, 6d.)
A HISTORY of the beautiful domain of Knole is
contributed by Sir Edward Brabrook. John Wesley
visited it on the 17th of October, 1780, and in his
ever saw the trees are so elegantly disposed. The
journal speaks of the park as "the pleasantest I
house, which is at least 200 years old, is immensely
large. It consists of two squares, considerably
"The
larger than the two quadrangles in Lincoln College."
He describes the bed curtains in the King's Bed-
chamber as so richly wrought in cloth of gold that
some strength is required to draw them.
tapestry, representing the whole history of Nebu-
chadnezzar, is as fresh as if newly woven.'

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Mr. T. Sheppard has an article on A Recently He concludes that these and other disDiscovered Anglo-Saxon Cemetery in East Yorkshire.' coveries indicate that East Yorkshire was much more thickly populated in Anglo-Saxon times than is usually supposed.

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Mr. J. Reid Moir writes on The Piltdown Skull.' He confines his consideration to the geological and archæological aspects. He has, "owing to the kindness and courtesy of Dr. Smith-Woodward, seen and handled the flints"; and he considers that while "Mr. Charles Dawson has undoubtedly made a wonderful and supremely important discovery, its true significance cannot, I think, be properly gauged until further discoveries of human bones are made in more easily Mr. George Bailey records the result of some of dated deposits than the gravel at Piltdown." his searches in the Chapter House at Worcester in an article on the vestments of Bishop Henry de Blois. Mr. George Worley tells us about the church of St. Michael, Paternoster Royal, and discusses the adjective "Royal." The once popular theory that the distinction comes from the old palace of Tower Royal, the site of which is marked by the little offshoot of the same name from the modern part of the thoroughfare called Cannon Street, is now supplanted by the more probable suggestion that "it comes from La Riole, a suburb of Bordeaux, the quarter in which the church is situated having formerly been the centre of the London wine trade, and largely occupied by the Dick Whittington" built the second French shipping houses or their agents." Our old friend church, which was partly destroyed by the Great Fire, but increasing evidence unfortunately goes to spoil the popular legend as to his early career, and he was never knighted.

Notices to Correspondents.

ON all communications must be written the name lication, but as a guarantee of good faith. and address of the sender, not necessarily for pub

EDITORIAL Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries '"-Adver tisements and Business Letters to "The Publishers" at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane. E.C.

LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 31, 1914.

CONTENTS.-No. 214.

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he loved to be known), had a copy of this portrait made, and, apparently, by no less an artist than Sustermans himself, and in all probability it is this copy which is NOTES:-Memorials of Galileo in England, 81-Roads now in the Bodleian Library, as just stated. round London, 82-Lines in a Worcester MS.-Luigi da Unfortunately, there appears to be no docuPorto, 83-St Botolph without Aldersgate-A Bishop's Household-Fee Farm Rents, 84-Grosvenor Chapel-mentary evidence of this donation beyond Dickens and the Royal Society of Musicians, 85. a formal entry in the Registrum BeneQUERIES:-Evelyn Family, 85-T. & G. Seddon, Furniture Manufacturers-Younger Van Helmont - Hewitt and factorum' of the Bodleian Library :— Ledlie Families, 86-Colonels of the 24th Regiment-John Thomas- Biographical Information Wanted Author Wanted-The Havamal-Mary, Queen of Scots-Cardinal Ippolito dei Medici-Saffron Walden, 87-Swinburne as Polyglot Author-Bp. Gower-"You rotten Arminian"Whitington-Anti-Wesleyana-Morgan Family, 88-E. Hargatt-Sir R. D. Henegan-J. L. Crawfurd-J. G. Semple-Repertory Theatre-Regimental History-Maj. Gen. Duff-Author of Play Wanted-Cigar Centenary, 89. REPLIES:- Newnham Family Q. Cicero and Stone The portrait is described and reproduced Circles, 90-Over Kellet-Upright Stones in Churchyards, in Mrs. R. L. Poole's Catalogue of Oxford 91-Powlett: Smyth-"Marriage" as Surname-Heart- Portraits,' pp. xi, 41, and plate v. Burial - Dickens in London, 92- Bangor: ConwayKipling Items-Portrait of Napoleon III.-Heraldic

"Clarissimus et doctissimus vir Signor Vincentio Viviani magnæ Hetruriæ Ducis Mathematicus Academiæ huic opus suum de maximis et minimis geometricam sc. divinationem in quintum conicorum Apollonii Pergai desideratum, una cum pictura Galilæi a Galilæis ex Italia benigne transmisit. April xxvi. MDCLXI."

In N. & Q.,' 11 April, 1857, there is a Flower-Name Sabbath in Abyssinia-Dunstable Larks-reference to this picture, and the writer Roman Bath in the Strand, 93-Choirboys in Ruffs"Tallest one-piece flagstaff"-Gordon as a Hungarian goes on to say :Noble-Adjectives from French Place-Names-Croniwell's Granddaughter, Mrs. Hartop-Sir George Wright, 94Groom of the Stole - Swedish Ambassador-Sundial Inscripton-Defoe's Weekly Review,' 95-T. Hudson, Painter-Smith in the Vasconcellos Family, 96-Dover seen from Calais-Trilby-County Maps, 97. NOTES ON BOOKS:-'Churchwardens' Accounts'-'The Reign of Henry VII. from Contemporary Sources'-Gypsy Lore Journal-Sermons preached in Sackville College Chapel Miscellanea Genealogica-Longmans' Catalogue- English Historical Review'—' Quarterly Review.' Booksellers' Catalogues.

Notes.

MEMORIALS OF GALILEO IN
ENGLAND.

THE following notes are offered in the hope
that readers of N. & Q.' will be able, not
only to complete them where deficient,
but to furnish other examples, of which
there must be many in public and private
places. Thus it is hoped that in the end a
fairly complete list may be made out. These
memorials will be incorporated in a larger
work- Iconografia Galileiana '-on which
Prof. Favaro, of Padua University, is now
engaged, and which he hopes to illustrate
as far as his materials will permit (see
11 S. viii. 229, 268).

Paintings in Oils. - Probably the first portrait of Galileo seen in England is that in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. It is a replica of Sustermans' (second) portrait of him, which was painted about 1640 to the order of Ferdinando II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, and which is now in the Pitti Gallery, Florence. In 1641 Vincenzio Viviani, "the last disciple of the Master" (as

"A similar portrait (except that the background is much darker) has been in the possession of my family for more than a century. Perhaps some of your correspondents could afford me a clue towards discovering the artist. The picture is one of considerable merit and evidently antique."

The letter is signed DUNELMENSIS-a name of frequent occurrence in ‘N. & Q.' of that period. It would be interesting to discover the present whereabouts of this picture, but so far my search has been fruitless. Apparently it is a copy of the Bodleian portrait, and probably was made in England.

Sustermans' first portrait of Galileo, supposed to be his chef-d'œuvre, was painted in 1635, and was sent as a present by Galileo to his friend and correspondent Elia Diodati in Paris. Twenty years later (1656), at the request of the Grand Duke Leopoldo, it was returned to Florence, and subsequently was placed in the Uffizi Collection, "in order [as he said] to show to all two marvels of nature-one in the person of him represented, and the other in the art of the painter. An excellent copy of this picture was made in Florence in 1901 by Miss Renée Baker (now Mrs. Robert Rankin), and is preserved in her home in Lancashire, Rufford Old

Hall.

In the Master's Lodge, Trinity College, Cambridge, there is a fine portrait of Galileo by Allan Ramsay, painted in 1757, and presented to the College in 1759 by Dr. Robert Smith, then Master. It is said in the deed of gift that "the head is painted from a picture by Giusto [Sustermans] in the Grand Duke's Palace at Florence" (now the Pitti Gallery). As regards the likeness, it

must be said that it is little more than an approach to the original, from which also it differs in points of detail.

In

1841-2 Solomon Alexander Hart visited Italy, where he made many of those studies which were subsequently used in his pictures of Italian history and scenery. Amongst them was Milton visiting Galileo in Prison,' painted in 1847. Its present whereabouts is unknown, but the British Museum (Department of Prints and Drawings) has an engraving of it, of which a description has been kindly supplied to me as follows:

"The print to which you refer is a proof before all letters of the wood-engraving by W. J. Linton. It bears the inscription in pencil With W. J. Linton's compliments.' The title, Milton visiting Galileo in Prison in Florence,' is also inscribed in pencil, and in the same handwriting.' In N. & Q.,' 26 Nov., 1904, p. 426, MR. CHR. WATSON writes as follows:

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"I have recently seen at a friend's house a painting in oil colour of Galileo. I should like to know whether it is a copy or an original. It appears to be of considerable age. In the lefthand top corner of the painting there is the following inscription :

Galileus Galileus Math'us.

In Beeton's Dictionary of Universal Information' there is an engraving of Galileo which resembles this picture, except that it bears no inscription; The head is turned to the left in both portraits." To this inquiry there was no decisive answer, but the present possessor of the picture, Miss Edith Chapman, Balham, S.W., informs me that experts have declared it to be a But of what original? copy.

Engravings. Judging by printsellers' catalogues, there should be many examples of this kind of memorial scattered over the British Isles. Besides the engraving of Solomon Hart's picture already mentioned, the British Museum (Print Room) possesses many other examples after the works of Villamena, Leoni, Dom. Tintoretto, Passignani, Sustermans, and Allan Ramsay.

In the Victoria and Albert Museum there are two examples, one by J. ab Heyden after Villamena, and the other by Leoni after

himself.

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1. By Joseph Calendi, after Sante di Tito (the earliest known portrait of Galileo, c. 1601).

2. By N. Schiavoni, after Domenico Tintoretto (1562-1637).

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4. By Leoni, 1624, inscribed Eques Octavius Leonus Roman' pictor fecit."

5. Anonymous, but after "l'école du peintre Cristofano dell' Altissimo." It is known that in 1619, which would be about the time that this picture was painted, Galileo and his devoted but all further traces of them are lost. The friend Sagredo of Venice exchanged portraits; original of my engraving was acquired in Florence early in the last century, and brought to France (L'Univers Pittoresque-Italie,' Paris, 1845, P. 291 and plate lxiii.). Considering all the cir cumstances, it is possible that this picture is the one which Galileo had ordered for his friend; but how it got back to Florence, and where it is now in France, I hope time and this publicity will show.

6. By Pietro Bettellini, after Passignani (15601638).

7. By L. Travelloni, G. Cipriani, Thomas Bakewell, Singer, Piotti - Pirola, Angiolini, and Bigola-all after one or other of Sustermans" pictures. 8. By Hart, after Allan Ramsay (1713-84). J. J. FAHIE. Chesham Bois Common, Bucks. (To be continued.)

THE ROADS ROUND LONDON
SEVENTY YEARS AGO.

I WONDER if the following reminiscences of an old man will interest your readers. They relate to the forties of last century. told me that she was born at Tower Hill, I remember two old ladies, one of whom and used to see occasionally a cart with pallid men sitting on their coffins, on their way to be hanged at Execution Dock. The other, the elder of the two, told me she lived with her parents over their shop in the Poultry, and used to attend the ministrations of the Rev. John Newton, the poet Cowper's spiritual adviser, at St. Mary Woolnoth's Church. This was before 1800.

As a child I lived at Brixton, then a village quite clear of London, consisting of a long road with villas scattered along it, the abodes for the most part of retired business men. Where now is the district called Angell Town was a farm, and the River Effra ran in part along the eastern side of the main road, with occasionally little bridges giving access to houses. It was quite open from where is now the police station to "The White Horse Inn," and again for some little way south of Kennington Church.

I remember vividly an old man who worked as a jobbing gardener and was fond of sitting in the potting-shed and telling me stories of old days. One was that where Kenning

3. By Villamena, 1613, inscribed "F. Villa-ton Church now stands was the dilapidated hangman's hut erected for the execution of

mona Fecit."

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