Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands

accent adjective adverb already American analysis aspect auxiliary become borrowed bueno Caviteño Cebuano century Chavacano City clearly confusion connective consistent construction contact vernaculars contamination correct course dale definite article derived dialects distinction employed English entirely Ermitaño Examples exist explain fact feminine final flexion force fricative future give Grammar ilós important indicate instance islands kind kɔn language less Malay mañga Manila means mirá Moluccas native Note noun occlusive occurs ojos olas origin Pedro Pelisa perhaps Philippines phonetic phrase Pidgin plural Portuguese possessive possible preposition present probably pronoun pronunciation puelco reduplication replaced Santos y Gómez seems semantic sense simply singular sound sound-system South Spain Spanish speakers spelling sporadic standard stop Tagalog Ternate Ternateño texts three dialects translation usually verb vida vieja vocabulary vowel word writes Zamboanga Zamboangueño