NOTES.

Page 13. The last paragraphs on this page contain the ideas afterwards amplified by Mr. Webster in his version of what Mr. Adams's speech in support of the Declaration might have been.

P. 18.

patriæ.

P. 20.

Catholic is here used in its original sense of general or universal.- Amor
Love of country.

Congé. Leave to depart.

P. 23. Saxum vetustum. An ancient rock.

P. 27.

Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci. He carries every point who mingles the useful with the agreeable.

P. 35. Granger. Hon. Gideon Granger, who was postmaster-general under Jefferson and Madison, resided at Suffield, Conn., on the route of the mail coaches to Washington. Suffield was the "imperial city," and it was probably famed for the articles of commerce playfully mentioned by Mr. Ames.

P. 53. Massillon.

Louis Bourdaloue. An eminent French preacher (1632-1704). — Jean Baptiste
A brilliant pulpit orator (1663–1742).

P. 59. Palinurus. The pilot in Virgil's Æneid.

P. 63. Nimbus. A cloud.

P. 76. Michael Angelo. Michael Angelo Buonarotti, sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; a man of colossal genius (1474-1563). P. 81.

- another morn Risen on mid noon.

Paradise Lost, Book V. 1. 310.

P. 97. Haroun Alraschid. A famous caliph in the Thousand and One Nights. P. 133. Mme. de Stael. Daughter of Necker, minister of finance to Louis XVI. Celebrated as a leader in politics and in society (1766-1817). — Attila. King of the Huns. Began to reign A. D. 434. See note on p. 598. Genghis Khan. A Tartar conqueror (1160-1227). The Justinian Collection. The Roman law was digested into a code by order of the Emperor Justinian (482-565).

P. 134

Voltaire. The assumed name of François Arouet, a wit, poet, and deistical writer (1694-1778). Pulchre! bene! optime! Beautiful! well done! excellent! - Racine (Jean). A French tragic poet (1639-1699).

P. 135.

Frimus ego in patriam. I am first in my country.— Corneille. See note on p. 363. Calderon (de la Barca). A famous Spanish poet and dramatist (1600-1681). P. 148. Claude. Claude Gelée, of Lorraine, the greatest of landscape painters (16001682). — Salvator. Salvator Rosa, a great Italian painter (1615-1673). Paul Potter. A Dutch painter of animals (1625-1654).

P. 150.

Dante. Dante degli Alighieri, the illustrious Italian poet (1265-1321). Campanile. A bell tower. - Michael Angelo. See note on p. 76. — Raphael. Raffaello Sanzio, of Urbino, a famous painter (1483-1520). — Titian. Tiziano Vercelli, a Venetian pain er (1477-1576). — Lucumons. The appellation of the ancient Etruscan priests and princes.

P. 151. Ahime! &c. The lines may be paraphrased thus:

"Alas! those eyes are

darkened that saw more than was ever seen in the ancient times, and were themselves a light to future ages. At evening from the top of Fesolé, &c. Paradise Lost, Book I. Galileo. The famous mathematician and astronomer (1564-1642).

P. 152.

E pur si muove. And yet it moves.

P. 176. Don John of Austria. Younger brother of Philip II., son of the Emperor Charles V.

P. 186. Cervantes (Miguel de). Author of the immortal romance of Don Quixote (pron. Kehóty).

P. 188. Longinus. A Greek critic and philosopher (213-273). See account of his fate, by Gibbon, in English Literature, Vol. I., art. Zenobia.

P. 190.

P. 197.

P. 200.

The Stoics. A sect of philosophers in Athens, followers of Zeno.
Stuart (Gilbert Charles), a celebrated American portrait painter (1756–1828).
His look drew audience, &c. The correct reading is

his look

Drew audience and attention still as night

P. 201.

P. 205.

Or summer's noontide air.

William Penn (1644-1718).

Paradise Lost, Book II. line 300.

Pascal.

Roger Williams. The founder of Rhode Island (1605-1683). Blaise Pascal, an eminent philosopher and religious writer, born in Auvergne, France (1623-1662). Edwards. Jonathan Edwards. See Introduction.

P. 231. Can these things be, &c. Shakespeare, Macbeth, Act III., Scene 4.

P. 234.

"The Problem" contains the noblest lines written in our time. The imagery has a colossal grandeur, and the expression is perfectly commensurate with the thought. P. 241. The Hall of Eblis is the final scene in a supernatural romance of singular power, entitled Vathek, written by William Beckford, an eccentric Englishman.

P. 242. Jean Paul Richter, a German philosopher (1763-1825).

P. 252. The Sclavi, or Slavonians, were the progenitors of the Russians, the Poles, and other nations of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.

P. 254

Tortos Ixionis angues, &c. The writhing serpents of Ixion and the huge wheel. Rhizopod. One of the lowest forms of animal life.

P. 256. Faust is the hero of a poem by the German poet Goethe (Johann Wolfgang von) 1749-1832. The precise sound of the name cannot be represented in English letters; it is something like Gerta (G hard), and something like Gerty. Mephistopheles is the tempting fiend in the story.

P. 257. (1732-1795).

P. 259. P. 262.

General Francis Marion. An American officer in the revolutionary war

For Roderick Dhu, see Scott's Lady of the Lake.

The helmet of Mambrino. This is an allusion to Don Quixote, who conceived that he must needs provide himself with a helmet that had been worn by a hero of romance, and, meeting a barber who carried his brass basin on his head, he seized it, and insisted that it was the helmet of Mambrino (a personage in Orlando Furioso, Canto I.). P. 264. Weedless. Without clothing.

P. 268. Jacques Bridaine. A famous French preacher (1701-1767). The motto is, Eternity is a clock, whose pendulum says, and repeats without cessation, these two words only in the silence of the tombs, Forever! never! Never! forever!

P. 275. The Mouse Tower. Hatto II., the fifteenth Archbishop of Mayence, who died about 975, (according to the legend) was devoured by mice in his tower, near Bingen, and the people thought it to be a judgment for his cruelty in having refused to part with provisions when there was a great scarcity.

P. 284. The topography of Athens cannot be elucidated in the brief space of a note Consult Appleton's Cyclopædia, art. Athens (written by Professor Felton).

P. 286. Socrates. An Athenian philosopher (B C. 469-399).

Kosmos. Literally order, the universe.

P. 292. Hafiz. A Persian poet. Born early in the fourteenth century, died 1391. P. 293 The Cross is the constellation visible only in southern latitudes, as the Bear is seen circling the pole in the northern heavens.

P. 294. Than Rome's sky-mocking vault, or many-spired Milan. The reference is to the dome of St. Peter's, and to the cathedral of Milan, which is covered with a myriad of pinnacles and over eight thousand statues.

P. 306.

Stuart. See note for p. 197.

Béran

Causeries du

P. 308. Patois (patwáh). A local or provincial corruption of language. P. 314. Montaigne (Michael de). A celebrated French essayist (1533-1589). ger (Pierre Jean de). The first of French lyric poets (1780-1857). P. 315. Sainte-Beuve (Charles Augustin). Poet and critic (1804-1871). Lundi (Monday Chats) is the title of a series of critical papers, originally issued weekly. P. 317. Aphrodite. The Greek name of Venus - Pallida Mors. Pale death. -. -Naked Pict. An allusion to a couplet commonly attributed to Sir Richard Blackmore, containing a fine specimen of a bull:

"A painted vest Prince Vortigern had on,

Which from a naked Pict his grandsire won."

In a note in Boswell's Life of Johnson [1767 ætat. 60] it is said that the lines were not by Blackmore, but had been altered by some wag from a passage in The British Princes by the Honorable Edward Howard:

A vest as admir'd Voltiger had on,

Which from this Island's foes his grandsire won, &c., &c.

-Amati. The name of a family in Cremona, famous, in the seventeenth century, as makers of violins. -Stradivarius (Antonio), father and son, makers of violins, also at Cremona. P. 318. Maestros. Masters. Virtuoso. A collector of curiosities. - Dilettante. A lover (as of music).

P. 320. Feræ naturæ. Of a wild nature.

P. 325. Purpureos spargam flores. I will scatter purple blossoms.

P. 326. Hyacinthus. A youth beloved by Apollo, killed by accident, or rather changed, after receiving a mortal blow, into the flower that bears his name.

P. 331.

P. 334.

Antioch has been recently (1872) almost entirely destroyed by earthquakes.

O, the blood more stirs, &c. Shakespeare's Henry IV., Part I., Act I., Scene 3. - Cita mors, &c. Swift death, and joyful victory. Horace, Sat. I. 1, 8.

P. 337. Siegfried. The hero of the Norse tales. He was not a smith, as the author seems to suppose. She is thinking of the smith that forged Siegfried's magic sword.

P. 338. Fata Morgana. Castles of the Fairy Morgana, a form of mirage occasionally seen by observers standing on eminences on the Calabrian shore, and looking westward upon the Strait of Messina. It occurs on still mornings, when the sun, rising behind the mountains, strikes down upon the smooth surface at an angle of forty-five degrees. The heat then acts rapidly upon the stagnant air, the strata of which, slowly intermingling, present a series of mirrors which variously reflect the objects upon the surface. Objects upon the Sicilian shore opposite, beneath the dark background of the mountains of Messina, are seen refracted and reflected upon the water in mid channel, presenting enlarged and duplicated images. Gigantic figures of men and horses move over the picture, as similar images in miniature are seen flitting across the white sheet of the camera obscura. P. 342. Fountain heads and pathless groves, &c. From The Nice Valour, by J.

Fletcher.

P. 344. Porphyrogene, from Пoppupoyévvnros, “born in the purple: " a title given to the heir of a Byzantine emperor.

P. 350.

Gil Blas. The hero of a famous novel of Spanish life, written (in French) by

Alain René Le Sage (1668-1747). The English translation is by Smollett. The uncle, Gil Perez, was an ignorant canon, who taught his nephew to read.

P. 359. Humboldt. Alexander von Humboldt, traveller, naturalist, and philosopher (1769-1859). Walker, the filibuster. Attempts were made in 1855, and later, by a smal? party of Americans, under the lead of William Walker, and with the connivance of the United States authorities, to seize upon Nicaragua, and other portions of the Isthmus. He was at last overthrown and executed in Honduras in 1860.

P. 363. Moliere. A comic dramatist of France (1622-1673). By the French considered to be a rival of Shakespeare. Corneille. Poet and dramatist. Born at Rouen, 1606, died at Paris, 1684. Bossuet. Perhaps the greatest of French preachers. Born at Dijon, 1627, died at Paris, 1704.

P. 365. I catch the last words of music from the lips of innocence and beauty. The children of the public schools of Boston sang on the occasion.

P. 366. Truce of God. An institution of the middle ages, designed to mitigate the violence of private war by prohibiting engagement in hostilities, at least on the holy days, from Thursday evening to Sunday evening of each week, also during the entire season of Advent and Lent, and on certain festival days. Cestus. A girdle.

P. 374. Articles of vertu. Objects of art and taste.

P. 386. Sir Guyon is the Knight of Temperance (Faerie Queene, Book II.), and Flor imel a female character in Book III.

P. 391. O sanctissima, &c.

"O most holy, O most pure,

Sweet Virgin Mary,

Mother beloved, undefiled!
Pray, pray for us."

P. 398. Cæsar. The emperor. It will be observed that the name has come to signify an absolute monarch, as in Kaiser and Czar.

P. 404. Corpo santo. Holy body. The name given to the strange electrical bodies sometimes seen in the rigging or on the spars of a ship.

P. 407. 410.

P.

Ecce iterum Crispinus. Lo! here is Crispinus again. Juvenal, 4th Satire. The lines of Moore refer to the death of Sheridan. - Schiller. Johann Chr. Friedrich von Schiller, one of the most eminent of German poets and dramatists (1759-1804). P. 423. Luca della Robbia. A sculptor of Florence (1388-1463), the inventor of enamelled terra cotta. Certosa. A monastery of Carthusians (Chartreuse in French, Charterhouse in English).

P. 430.

Undine. A water spirit, in the romance of that name by the Baron de la Motte Fouqué. - Hafiz. See note on p. 292.

P. 435.

Carrara. A district in Italy famous for its quarries of fine white marble.

P. 441. Empayred. A modern author would use the word " 'disparaged."

The English language. The first and third lines of each stanza are dactylic hexameters, acatalectic, with spondaic substitutions; the lines that alternate are hexameters and pentameters, all catalectic in one syllable. The first line is seen to be symmetrical with the first line of the Æneid:

But it would be a very difficult and not over profitable task, in a treatise like this, to give an analysis of all the lines. Most of them are musical and correct, but some are only rough and vigorous, e. g. :

While o'er thy | bastions wit | flashes its glittering | sword. Bastions wit does not make a very elastic dactyl.

The spondaic line,

ཅ

Now clear, pure, hard, | bright, and | one by one, like to | hail stones,

will naturally require a slow and deliberate utterance. Other lines seem to lead to a change of accent, e. g. :

"Iron dug from the North, ductile gold from the South."

In this line the reader inevitably falls into the accent of choriambic metre, and reads it like two choriambic monometers, with a spondee for a basis, thus:

A very simple and sufficient direction to the reader is to think only of the musical lilt, and read boldly. As in skating, the danger of a fall is while halting; when the motion is established, all will go surely and smoothly. It is not possible to analyze the feet with the rapidity of reading, and determine the respective quantities of the syllables; but if the cæsural pause is established as a central point, or pivot, the swing naturally follows.

It is commonly said by writers on prosody that the classic metres cannot be employed in English, because English words do not have "quantity." We venture to assert that they do have quantity, and that the knowledge or the intuitive feeling of quantity is what gives the subtile, melodious charm to the verses of certain poets. We should not go further and assert that rules could be constructed, as in Latin and Greek prosody, by which the quantity of every syllable could be ascertained; but the reader whose ear for rhythm has been cultivated will find that English words arrange themselves naturally in long and short syllables, and that an English hexameter is not destitute of force, music, or variety of expression. The measure of Evangeline will occur to all as a fine specimen of constructive art. — Torres Vedras. A town in Portugal, admirably fortified by Wellington in 1810.

P. 447. Minerva, in the classic fable, sprang full grown and armed from the brain of Jupiter.

P. 451. Arno. A river that flows by Florence.

Dante.

Beatrice. A lady beloved by

- Ghibelline. The people of Italy, in the time of Dante, were divided into two political parties, Guelphs and Ghibellines. The former espoused the cause of the pope, the latter that of the emperor. Cuma. A city in Italy, near which was the famous cave

from which the Sibylline prophecies were uttered.

P. 472. Helper of mortals, hear. Eis Apea. This is commonly put seventh in the Homeric hymns. Hermann, however, after Ruhnken, prints it among the Orphic hymnns, and it is probably not Homeric.

P. 473. Happy then are they, &c. Eis Thy uηтéçа пávтшv.

Hymn 20 in Didot collec

tion, 5-19 verses. -- I will sing a new song, &c. Psalm cxliv. 9–15.

Then the earth shook, &c. Psalm xviii. 7-16. Then he sat on high, &c.

P. 474.
Iliad xiii. 15-31.

P. 475.

15-18.

Like leaves on trees, &c. Iliad vi. 146–149. -
-As for man, &c. Psalm ciii.

P. 487. Dele.

Omit.

P. 516. Claude. See note on p. 148.

landscape painter (1775-1851).

P. 520.

Pindar. A great lyric poet (B. C. about 522-442). — Epaminondas. A famous Theban general. Died B. C. 362.

P. 521. O fons Bandusiæ, &c. O fountain of Bandusia, more glittering than crystal. Horace, Ode III. 13.

P. 522. Adsum. The date is for the death of Thackeray. In The Newcomes, by this