his friend Gregory Nazianzen, under the appearance
of promotion, 422. The father of the monks of Pontus,
574
Basiliscus, brother of the empress Verina, is intrusted
with the command of the armament sent against the
Vandals in Africa, 564. His fleet destroyed by Gen-
seric, ibid. His promotion to the empire, and death,
615.

Bassianus, high priest of the sun, his parentage, 54. Is
proclaimed emperor at Emesa, ibid. See Elagabalus.
Bassianus, brother-in-law to Constantine, revolts against
him, 163.

Bassora, its foundation and situation, 891.
Baths, public, of Rome, described, 483.

Batne, reception of the emperor Julian there, 351.
Beasts, wild, the variety of, introduced in the circus, for
the public games at Rome, 130.

Beausobre, M. de, character of his Histoire Critique du
Manichéisme, 778, note 1.

Beder, battle of, between Mahomet and the Koreish of
Mecca, 877.

Bedoweens of Arabia, their mode of life, 864.

Bees, remarks on the structure of their combs and cells,
936, note 52.

Belisarius, his birth and military promotion, 652.

Is

appointed by Justinian to conduct the African war, 659.
Embarkation of his troops, 654. Lands in Africa, 655.
Defeats Gelimer, 656. Is received into Carthage, ibid.
Second defeat of Gelimer, 657. Reduction of Africa,
658, 659. Surrender of Gelimer, 659. His triumphant
return to Constantinople, 660. Is declared sole consul,
661. He menaces the Ostrogoths of Italy, 663. He
seizes Sicily, 665. Invades Italy, 666. Takes Naples,
667. He enters Rome, 668. He is besieged in Rome
by the Goths, ibid. The siege raised, 672, 673. Causes
Constantine, one of his generals, to be killed, 673.
Siege of Ravenna, 675. Takes Ravenna by stratagem,
676. Returns to Constantinople, ibid. His character
and behaviour, 676, 677. Scandalous life of his wife
Antonina, 677. His disgrace and submission, 678.
Is sent into the East to oppose Chosroes king of Persia,
690. His politic reception of the Persian ambassadors,
ibid. His second campaign in Italy, 701. His ineffec-
tual attempt to raise the siege of Rome, 702. Dissuades
Totila from destroying Rome, 703. Recovers the city,
ibid. His final recal from Italy, 704. Rescues Con-
stantinople from the Bulgarians, 711. His disgrace and
death, 712.

Benefice, in feudal language, explained, 599.
Benevento, battle of, between Charles of Anjou, and
Mainfroy the Sicilian usurper, 1097.
Beneventum, anecdotes relating to the siege of, 986.
Benjamin of Tudela, his account of the riches of Con-
stantinople, 953.

Berea, or Aleppo, reception of the emperor Julian there,
351.

Bernard, St., his character and influence in promoting
the second crusade, 1045. His character of the Ro
mans, 1188.

Bernier, his account of the camp of Aurengzebe, 78,
note 41.

Berytus, account of the law school established there, 233.
Is destroyed by an earthquake, 714.
Bessarion, cardinal, his character, 1155.

Bessas, governor of Rome for Justinian, his rapacity
during the siege of that city by Totila the Goth, 701.
Occasions the loss of Rome, 702.

Bezabde, is taken and garrisoned by Sapor king of Persia,
269. Ís ineffectually besieged by Constantius, 270.
Bindoes, a Sassanian prince, deposes and puts to death
Hormouz king of Persia, 759, 760

Birthright, the least invidious of all human distinctions,
64.
Bishops, among the primitive Christians, the office of,
explained, 183. Progress of episcopal authority, 184.
Dignity of episcopal government, 188, Number of, at
the time of Constantine the Great, 286. Mode of their
election, 287. Their power of ordination, ibid. The
ecclesiastical revenue of each diocese how divided, 289.
Their civil jurisdiction, ibid. Their spiritual censures,
ibid. Their legislative assemblies, 291.
Bishops, rural, their rank and duties, 286.

Bissextile, superstitious regard to this year by the Romans,
370.

Bithynia, the cities of, plundered by the Goths, 100.
Conquest of, by Orchan, 1119.

Blemmyes, their revolt against the emperor Diocletian,
138.

Boccace, his literary character, 1154.

Boethius, the learned senator of Rome, his history, 624,
625. His imprisonment and death, 625.

Bohemond, the son of Robert Guiscard, his character and
military exploits, 997. 1028. His route to Constantinople
on the crusade, 1028. His flattering reception by the
emperor Alexius Comnenus, 1029. Takes Antioch,
and obtains the principality of it, 1034. His subsequent
transactions, and death, 1042.

Boniface, St., his history, 218.
Boniface, count, the Roman general under Valentinian
III, his character, 519. Is betrayed into a revolt by
Ætius, 520. His tardy repentance, 522. Is besieged in
Hippo Regius by Genseric king of the Vandals, ibid.
Returns to Italy, and is killed by Ætius, 523.

Boniface VIII, pope, his violent contest with Philip the
Fair, king of France, and his character, 1197. Însti-
tutes the Jubilee, 1198.

Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, is chosen general of the
fourth crusade to the Holy Land, 1064. Is made king
of Macedonia, 1076. Is killed by the Bulgarians,

1079.
Bosphorus, revolutions of that kingdom, 99. Is seized by
the Goths, ibid. The strait of, described, 222.
Bosra, siege of, by the Saracens, 898.

Botheric, the Imperial general in Thessalonica, murdered
in a sedition, 453.

Boucicauit, marshal, defends Constantinople against
Bajazet, 1125.

Boulogne, the port of, recovered from Carausius, by Con-
stantius Chlorus, 136.

Bowides, the Persian dynasty of, 946.

Brancaleone, senator of Rome, his character, 1192
Bretagne, the province of, in France, settled by Britons,
607, note 136.

Britain, reflections on the conquest of, by the Romans, 2.
Description of, 8. Colonies planted in, 14, note 32. A
colony of Vandals settled there by Probus, 126. Revolt
of Carausius, 135. Is recovered by Constantius, 136.
How first peopled, 382. Invasions of, by the Scots and
Picts, 383. Is restored to peace by Theodosius, 384.
Revolt of Maximus there, 419. Revolt of the troops
there against Honorius, 471. Is abandoned by the
Romans, 502. State of, until the arrival of the Saxons,
502, 503. Descent of the Saxons on, 605. Establish-
ment of the Saxon heptarchy, ibid. Wars in, 606.
Saxon devastation of the country, 607, 608. Manners
of the independent Britons, 609. Description of, by
Procopius, ibid. Conversion of the Britons by a mission
from pope Gregory the Great, 755. The doctrine of the
incarnation received there, 795.

Brutus, the Trojan, his colonisation of Britain, now given
up by intelligent historians, 382, note 108,
Buffon, M., his extraordinary burning mirrors, 641, note

99.

War

Bulgarians, their character, 681. Their inroads on the
Eastern empire, 682. Invasion of, under Zabergan, 711.
Repulsed by Belisarius, ibid. The kingdom of, de-
stroyed by Basil II. the Greek emperor, 822. 974.
Emigration, 973. Revolt of, from the Greek empire,
and submission to the pope of Rome, 973. 1061,
with the Greeks under Calo-John, 1078.
Bull-feast, in the Coliseum at Rome, described, 1223, 1224.
Burgundians, their settlement on the Elbe, and maxins
of government, 381. Their settlement in Gaul, 501.
Embrace Christianity, 580. Limits of the kingdom of,
under Gundobald, 592. Are subdued by the Franks,
593.

Burnet, character of his Sacred Theory of the Earth, 177,
note 69.

Burrampooter, source of that river, 1129, note 26.
Busir, in Egypt, four several places known under this
name, 934, note 37.

Buzurg, the philosophical preceptor of Hormouz king of
Persia, his high reputation, 758. and note 8.
Byzantine History, defects of, 805. List and character
of the Byzantine historians, 1185, note 97.
Byzantium, siege of, by the emperor Severus, 46. Is
taken by Maximin, 161. Siege of, by Constantine the
Great, 167. Its situation described, 222. By whom
founded, ibid. note 2. See Constantinople.

с

Caaba, or temple of Mecca, described, 865. The idols in,
destroyed by Mahomet, 880.

Cabades, king of Persia, besieges and takes Amida, 617.
Seizes the straits of Caucasus, 648. Vicissitudes of his
reign, 686.

Cadesia, battle of, between the Saracens and the Persians,
893, 894.

Cadijah, her marriage with Mahomet, 867. Is converted
by him to his new religion, 873. Her death, 875.
Mahomet's veneration for her memory, 884.
Cæcilian, the peace of the church in Africa disturbed by
him and his party, 292.

Cæcilius, the authority of his account of the famous vision
of Constantine the Great, enquired into, 281, and note
41.

Calestian, senator of Carthage, his distress on the taking
of that city by Genseric, 524, 525,

Cæsar, Julius, his inducement to the conquest of Britain,
2. Degrades the senatorial dignity, 23, note 2. As.
sumes a place among the tutelar deities of Rome, in his
life-time, £6. His address in appeasing a military se-

dition, 59, note 77. His prudent application of the
coronary gold presented to him, 243.

Caesar and Augustus, those titles explained and dis
criminated, 27.

Caesars, of the emperor Julian, the philosophical fable of
that work delineated, 347, 348.

Cesarea, capital of Cappadocia, taken by Sapor king of
Persia, 10 Is reduced by the Saracens, 907.
Cahina, queen of the Moors of Africa, her policy to drive
the Arabs out of the country, 917, 918.
Cairoan, the city of, founded in the kingdom of Tunis,

916.

Caled, deserts from the idolatrous Arabs to the party of
Mahomet, 880. His gallant conduct at the battle of
Muta, 881. His victories under the caliph Abubeker,
898. Attends the Saracen army on the Syrian expedi
tion, 899. His valour at the siege of Damascus, ibid.
Distinguishes himself at the battle of Aiznadin, 899,900.
His cruel treatment of the refugees from Damascus,
902. Joins in plundering the fair of Abyla, ibid. Com-
mands the Saracens at the battle of Yermuk, 904. His
death, 907.
Caledonia, its ancient inhabitants described, 382, 383.
Caledonian war, under the emperor Severus, an account

of, 49. Contrast of the Caledonians and Romans, ibid.
Caliphs of the Saracens, character of, 926. Their rapid
conquests, 927. Triple division of the office, 934
Their magnificence, 934, 935. They patronise learn-
ing, 935. Decline and fall of their empire, 946. 1046,
Callinicum, the punishment of a religious sedition in that
city opposed by St. Ambrose, 434.

Callinicus of Heliopolis, assists in defending Constan.
tinople against the Saracens, by his chemical inflamma
ble compositions, 95).

Calmucks, Black, recent emigration of, from the confines
of Russia to those of China, 400.

Calo-John, the Bulgarian chief, his war with Baldwin,
the Latin emperor of the Greeks, 1078. Defeats, and
takes him prisoner, 1079. His savage character and
death, 1080.

Calocerus, a camel.driver, excites an insurrection in the
island of Cyprus, 218. and note 34.

Calphurnius, the machinery of his eclogue on the acces
sion of the emperor Carus, 128.

Calvin, the reformer, his doctrine of the Eucharist, 971.
Examination of his conduct to Servetus, 972, note 36.
Camel, of Arabia, described, 860.

Camisardes of Languedoc, their enthusiasm compared
with that of the Circumcellions of Numidia, 314.
Camp of a Roman army described, 6.

Campania, the province of, desolated by the ill policy of
the Roman emperors, 241. Description of the Lucullan

villa in, 571.

Canada, the present climate and circumstances of, com-
pared with those of ancient Germany, 81.

Cannon, enormous one of the sultan Mahomet II. de-
scribed, 1171. Bursts, 1175.

Canoes, Russian, a description of, 981.

Cantacuzene, John, character of his Greek history, 1102.
His good fortune under the younger Andronicus, 1105.
Is driven to assume the purple, 1106. His lively dis-
tinction between foreign and civil war, ibid. His entry
into Constantinople, and reign, 1107. Abdicates, and
turns monk, 1108. His war with the Genoese factory
at Pera, 1110, Marries his daughter to a Turk, 1141.
His negotiation with pope Clement VI., 1141, 1142.
Cantemir's History of the Ottoman Empire, a character
of, 1119, note 41.

Capelianus, governor of Mauritania, defeats the younger
Gordian, and takes Carthage, 68.

Capitation-tar, under the Roman emperors, an account
of, 241, 242.

Capito, Ateius, the civilian, his character, 723.
Capitol of Rome, burning and restoration of, 202
Cappadocia, famous for its fine breed of horses, 238.
Capraria, Isle of, character of the monks there, 457.
Captives, how treated by the barbarians, 501. 530, 531.
Caracolla, son of the emperor Severus, his fixed antipathy
to his brother Geta, 49. His ambition, ibid. Succeeds
to the empire jointly with him, 50. Jealousy and hatred
of the two emperors, ibid. Murders his brother, ibid.
His remorse and cruelty, 51. Tyranny, ibid. Is him-
self murdered, 52. Tendency of his edict to extend the
privileges of Roman citizens to all the free inhabitants
of his empire, 63. Doubles the tax on legacies and in-
heritances, ibid.

Caracorum, the Tartar settlement of, described, 1117.
Caravans, Sogdian, their route to and from China, for
silk, to supply the Roman empire, 636.

Carausius, his revolt in Britain, 135. Is acknowledged by
Diocletian and his colleagues, 156. His death, ibid.
Carbeas, the Paulician, his revolt from the Greek emperor
to the Saracens, 969.

Cardinals, the election of a pope vested in them, 1196.
Institution of the conclave, itd.

Carduene, situation and history of that territory, 142.
Carinus, the son of Carus, succeeds his father in the em-

pire, jointly with his brother Numerian, 19. His vices,
ibid. Defeat and death, 132.

Carizmians, their invasion of Syria, 1055.

Carlovingian race of kings, commencement of, in France,
842, 843.

Carmath, the Arabian reformer, his character, 941. Ha
military exploits, ibid.

Carmelites, from whom they derive their pedigree, 573,

note 5.

Carpathian mountains, their situation, 81.

Carthage, the bishopric of, bought for Majorinus, 211,
note 127. Religious discord generated there by the far
tions of Cæcilian and Donatus, 292, 93, The temple
of Venus there, converted into a Christian church, #
Is surprised by Genseric king of the Vandals, 524. The
gates of, opened to Belisarius, 657. Natural alterations
produced by time in the situation of this city, id, mutt
19. The walls of, repaired by Belisarius, 657. In-
rection of the Roman troops there, (£8. Is reduced and
pillaged by Hassan the Saracen, 917. Subsequent his
tory of, ibid.

Carthagena, an extraordinary rich silver mine worked
there, for the Romans, 61.

Carus, emperor, his election and character, 198 Victons
and death, 12).

Caspian and Iberian gates of Mount Caucasus, da
tinguished, 617, 613.

Cassians, the party of, among the Roman civilians, es-
plained, 723.

Cassiodorus, his Gothic history, 91. His account of the
infant state of the republic of Venice, 547.

and prosperous life, 621.

Castriot, George. See Scanderbeg.

His lang

Catalans, their service and war in the Greek expert,
1099, 1100.

Catholic church, the doctrines of, how discriminated from
the opinions of the Platonic school, 995. The authori

of, extended to the minds of mankind, 296 Frith f
the Western or Latin church, 300 Is distracte. by
factions in the cause of Athanasius, 34. The Cora
logy, how introduced, and how perverted, 311. The
revenue of, transferred to the heathen prints, ty Ja
lian, 341. Edict of Theodosius, for the establishet
of the Catholic faith, 421. The progressive steps of
idolatry in, 447. Persecution of the Catholics in Area,
592-584. Pious frauds of the Catholic clergy, 344
How bewildered by the doctrine of the Incarnate,
781.
Union of the Greek and Latin churches, 736
Schism of the Greek church, 1058 1150. 1139.
Celestine, pope, espouses the party of Cyril against Nes
torius, and pronounces the degradation of the latter
from his episcopal dignity, 784.

Celtic language, driven to the mountains by the Late,
15, note 39.

Censor, the office of, revived under the emperor Decius,
but without effect, 94.

Ceos, the manufacture of silk first introduced to Europe
from that island, 635.

Cerca, the principal queen of Attila king of the Huns,
her reception of Maximin the Roman ambassador, 554,

535.

Cerinthus, his opinion of the twofold nature of Jesua
Christ, 780.

Ceylon, ancient names given to that island, and the im
perfect knowledge of, by the Romans, 548, note 6.
Chalcedon, the injudicious situation of this city stigmatised
by proverbial contempt, 222. A tribunal erected there
by the emperor Julian, to try and punish the evil mini
sters of his predecessor Constantius, S27. A state
church built there by Rufinus, the infamous minister
of the emperor Theodosius, 451. Is taken by Chosroes
II. king of Persia, 769. Council of, 788
Chalcocondyles, the Greek historian, his remarks on the
several nations of Europe, 1144, 1145.

Chalons, battle of, between the Romans and Attila king
of the Huns, 543, 544.

Chamavians reduced and generously treated by Julian,

273.

Chamberlain, office of, 236.

Chancellor, the original and modern application of this
word compared, 150, note 81.
Characters, national, the distinction of, how formed, 24
Chariots of the Romans described, 480, note 37.
Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of Lombardy, $42
His reception at Rome, 843. Eludes fulfilling the pes
mises of Pepin and himself to the Roman pontiff, 44
His coronation at Rome by the pope Leo III, 847. His
reign and character, 848. Extension of his empire, S1,
850. His neighbours and enemies, 850. His successors,
851. His negotiations and treaty with the Eastern
empire, 852. State of his family and dominions in the
tenth century, 962.

verty, 857. His public ostentation, 858. Contrast be
tween him and Augustus, ibid.
Charles V., emperor, parallel between him and Diocletian,
146. And between the sack of Rome by him, and that
by Alaric the Goth, 493.

Chastity, its high esteem among the ancient Germans,
86. And the primitive Christians, 181, 182.
Chemistry, the art of, from whom derived, 9.8.
Chersonesus, Thracian, how fortified by the emperor Jus-
tinian, 644, 645.

Chersonites assist Constantine the Great against the Goths,
249. Are cruelly persecuted by the Greek emperor Jus-
tinian II, 810.

Chess, the object of the game of, by whom invented, 688.
Childeric, king of France, deposed under papal sanction,

812.

Children, the exposing of, a prevailing vice of antiquity,
16. 729. Prohibited by Constantine, 161 Natural, ac-
cording to the Roman laws, what, 731.
China, how distinguished in ancient history, 139, note 58.
Great numbers of children annually exposed there, 187,
note 144. Its situation, 397. The high chronology
claimed by the historians of, ibid. The great wall of,
when erected, 398. Was twice conquered by the North-
ern tribes, ibid. The Romans supplied with silk by the
caravans from, 636. Is conquered by the Moguls, 1113.
1117. Expulsion of the Moguls, 1117.

Chivalry, origin of the order of, 1026, 1027.

Chnodomar, prince of the Alemanni, taken prisoner by
Julian at the battle of Strasburgh, 272, 273.

Chosroes, king of Armenia, assassinated by the emissaries
of Sapor king of Persia, 102.

Chosroes, son of Tiridates, king of Armenia, his character
253.

Chosroes I. or Nushirvan, king of Persia, protects the last
surviving philosophers of Athens, in his treaty with the
emperor Justinian, 650. Review of his history, 686-
688. Sells a peace to Justinian, 688. His invasion of
Syria, 689. His negotiations with Justinian, 695. His
prosperity, 696. Battle of Melitene, 757. His death,
758.

Chosroes II. king of Persia, is raised to the throne on the
deposition of his father Hormouz, 760. Is reduced to
implore the assistance of the emperor Maurice, ibid.
His restoration and policy, 761. Conquers Syria, 768.
Palestine, ibid. Egypt and Asia Minor, 768, 769. His
reign and magnificence, 769. Rejects the Mahometan
religion, ibid. Imposes an ignominious peace on the
emperor Heraclius, 770. His flight, deposition, and
death, 775, 776.

Chozars, the horde of, sent by the Turks to the assistance
of the emperor Heraclius, 774.

Christ, history of the doctrine of the incarnation of, 777,
et seq. The festival of his birth, why fixed by the Ro
mans at the winter solstice, 321, note 22.
Christians, primitive, the various sects into which they
branched out, 171-173. Whether they were mean
and ignorant, 192. Ascribed the Pagan idolatry to the
agency of dæmons, 173. Believed the end of the world
to be near at hand, 176. The miraculous powers
ascribed to the primitive church, 178. Their faith
stronger than in modern times, ibid. Their superior
virtue and austerity, 179. Repentance, a virtue in high
esteem among them, ibid. Their notions of marriage
and chastity, 181. They disclaim war and govern
ment, 182. Were active, however, in the internal
government of their own society, ibid. Bishops, 183.
Synods, 184 Metropolitans and primates, ibid. Bishop
of Rome, 185. Their probable proportion to the Pagan
subjects of the empire before the conversion of Constan-
tine the Great, 192. Enquiry into their persecutions,
191. Why more odious to the governing powers than
the Jews, 195-197. Their religious meetings sus-
pected, 197. And their manners calumniated, ibid.
Are persecuted by Nero as the incendiaries of Rome,
199. Instructions of the emperor Trajan to Pliny the
Younger for the regulation of his conduct towards
them, 203. Remained exposed to popular resentment
on public festivities, ibid. Legal mode of proceeding
against them, 204. The ardour with which they
Courted martyrdom, 207. When allowed to erect
places for public worship, 210. Their persecution under
Diecletian and his associates, 214-218. An edict of
toleration for them published by Galerius just before
his death, 218. Some considerations necessary to be
attended to in reading the sufferings of the martyrs,
219. Edict of Milan published by Constantine the
Great, 277. Political recommendations of the Christian
morality to Constantine, 278. Theory and practice of
passive obedience, ibid. Their loyalty and zeal, 279.
The sacrament of baptism, how administered in early
times, 284. Extraordinary propagation of Christianity
after it obtained the Imperial sanction, 285. Becomes
the established religion of the Roman empire, 286.
Spiritual and temporal powers distinguished, ibid.
Review of the episcopal order in the church, 286-288.
The ecclesiastical revenue of each diocese, how di-

vided, 289. Their legislative assemblies, 291. Edict of
Constantine the Great against heretics, 291, 292. Mys
terious doctrine of the Trinity, 295. The doctrines of
the Catholic church, how discriminated from the opi-
nions of the Platonic school, 296. General character of
the Christian sects, 314. Christian schools prohibited
by the emperor Julian, 341. They are removed from all
offices of trust, 342. Are obliged to reinstate the Pagan
temples, ibid. Their imprudent and irregular zeal
against idolatry, 346, 347.

Christians, distinction of, into vulgar and ascetic, 572
Conversion of the barbarous nations, 579.

Christianity, enquiry into the progress and establishment
of, 168. 189-192. Religion and character of the Jews,
169. The Jewish religion the basis of Christianity, 170.
Is offered to all mankind, ibid. The sects into which
the Christians divided, 171-173 The theology of,
reduced to a systematical form in the school of Alexan-
dria, 190. Injudicious conduct of its early advocates,
198. Its persecutions, 199-202. First crection of
churches, 210, The system of, found in Plato's doc-
trine of the Logos, 294. Salutary effects resulting from
the conversion of the barbarous nations, 579. Its pro-
gress in the North of Europe, 984.

Chrysaphius, the eunuch, engages Edecon to assassinate
his king Attila, 536. Is put to death by the empress
Pulcheria, 537. Assisted at the second council of
Ephesus, 787.

Chrysocheir, general of the revolted Paulicians, over-runs
and pillages Asia Minor, 969. His death, ibid.

Chrysoloras, Manuel, the Greek envoy, his character,
1155. His admiration of Rome and Constantinople,
1158.

Chrysopolis, battle of, between Constantine the Great and
Licinius, 167.

Hia

Chrysostom, St., his account of the pompous luxury of the
emperor Arcadius, 504. Protects his fugitive patron,
the eunuch Eutropius, 508. History of his promotion
to the archiepiscopal see of Constantinople, 510.
character and administration, 511. His persecution,
512. His death, ibid. His relics removed to Constanti
nople, 513. His encomium on the monastic life, 574,
note 25.

Churches, Christian, the first erection of, 210. Demolition
of, under Diocletian, 216.
stantine the Great, 288
1120.

Splendour of, under Con-
Seven, of Asia, the fate of,

Cibalis, battle of, between Constantine the Great and
Licinius, 163.

Cicero, his view of the philosophical opinions as to the
immortality of the soul, 175. His encomium on the
study of the law, 718. System of his republic, 722.
Cimmerian darkness, the expression of, whence derived,
481, note 42.

Circumcellions of Africa, Donatist schismatics, history of
their revolt, 313. Their religious suicides, 314. Perse-
cution of, by the emperor Honorius, 521.

Circumcision of both sexes, a physical custom in Æthio-
pia, unconnected with religion, 804.

Circus, Roman, the four factions in, described, 631, 632.
Constantinople, and the Eastern empire, distracted by
these factions, 632.

Cities, number and greatness of, in the Roman empire, 19.
Commercial, of Italy, rise and government of, 855.
Citizens of Rome, motive of Caracalla for extending the
privileges of, to all the free inhabitants of the empire, 63.
Political tendency of this grant, ibid.

City, the birth of a new one, how celebrated by the Ro-
mans, 224. and note 28.

Civilians of Rome, origin of the profession, and the three
periods in the history of, 721, 722.

Civilis, the Batavian, his successful revolt against the
Romans, 88.

Claudian the poet, and panegyrist of Stilicho, his works
supply the deficiencies of history, 453. Celebrates the
murder of Rufinus, 455. His death and character, 475,
476. His character of the eunuch Eutropius, 505, 506.
Claudius, emperor, chosen by the prætorian guards, with-
out the concurrence of the senate, 28.
Claudius, emperor, successor to Gallienus, his character,
and elevation to the throne, 108. His clemency and
justice, ibid. He undertakes the reformation of the
army, 109. Invaded by the Goths, ibid. His distress
and firmness, ibid. His victory over the Goths, ibid.
His death, 110.

Cleander, minister of the emperor Commodus, his history,
34, 35.

Clemens, Flavius, and his wife Domitilla, why distin-
guished as Christian martyrs, 202.

Clement III., pope, and the emperor Henry III. mutually
confirm each other's sovereign characters, 998.
Clement V., pope, transfers the holy see from Rome to
Avignon, 1197.

Clement VII, elected pope, 1211.

Clepho, king of the Lombards, death of, 747.
Clergy, when first distinguished from the laity, 185. 286.
The ranks and numbers of, how multiplied, 287. Their

property, 288

Their offences only cognisable by their
Valentinian's edict to restrain the

own order, 289.
avarice of, $77, 378.
Clodion, the first of the Merovingian race of kings of the
Franks in Gaul, his reign, 540, 541.
Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain, character of, 41, 42.
Declares himself against Julianus, 42. His death, 46.

Clotilda, niece of the king of Burgundy, is married to
Clovis king of the Franks, and converts her Pagan hus.
band, 591. Exhorts her husband to the Gothic war,
594.

Clovis, king of the Franks, his descent, and reign, 591.
Cluverius, his account of the objects of adoration among
the ancient Germans, 87, note 62.

Cochineal, importance of the discovery of, in the art of
dyeing, 635, note 59.

Code of Justinian, how formed, 724. New edition of, 726.
Codicils, how far admitted by the Roman law respecting
testaments, 735.

Coenobites, in monkish history, described, 578.

Coinage, how regulated by the Roman emperors, 1191.
Colchos, the modern Mingrelia, described, 693. Manners
of the natives, ibid. Revolt of, from the Romans to the
Persians, and repentance, 693. Colchian war, in conse-
quence, 694, 695.

Coliseum, of the emperor Titus, observations on, 1223.
Exhibition of a bull-feast in, 1223, 1224.
Collyridian heretics, an account of, 868.
Colonies, Roman, how planted, 14.

Colonna, history of the Roman family of, 1199, 1200.
Colossus of Rhodes, some account of, 908.
Columns of Hercules, their situation, 11.

Comana, the rich temple of, suppressed, and the revenues
confiscated, by the emperors of the East, 238.
Combat, judicial, origin of, in the Salic laws, 598. The
laws of, according to the Assize of Jerusalem, 1041.
Apology for the practice of, 1092, note 17.

Comets, account of those which appeared in the reign of
Justinian, 713.

Commentiolus, his disgraceful warfare against the Avars,
764.

Commodus, emperor, his education, character, and reign,
32-37. His death, 37.

Comneni, origin of the family of, on the throne of Con-
stantinople, 823. Its extinction, 1183.

Conception, immaculate, of the Virgin Mary, the doctrine
of, from whence derived, 869.

Concubine, according to the Roman civil law, explained,
731.

Conflagration, general, ideas of the primitive Christians
concerning, 177.

Conquest, the vanity of, not so justifiable as the desire of
spoil, 384. Is rather achieved by art than personal va-

lour, 527.

Conrad III, emperor, engages in the second crusade,
1042 His disastrous expeditlon, 1044.

Conrad of Montferrat defends Tyre against Saladin, 1051.
Is assassinated, 1052.

Constance, treaty of, 856.

Constans, the third son of Constantine the Great, is sent
to govern the western provinces of the empire, 248.
Division of the empire among him and his brothers, on
the death of their father, 251. Is invaded by his bro
ther Constantine, 254. Is killed, on the usurpation of
Magnentius, 255. Espoused the cause of Athanasius
against his brother Constantius, 305.

Constans II, emperor of Constantinople, 808.
Constantia, princess, grand-daughter of Constantine the
Great, is carried by her mother to the camp of the
usurper Procopius, 372. Narrowly escapes falling into
the hands of the Quadi, 391. Marries the emperor
Gratian, 392.

Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great, and wi-
dow of Hannibalianus, places the diadem on the head
of the general Vetranio, 255. Is married to Gallus,
260. Her character, 261. Dies, 262,

Un-

Constantina, widow of the Eastern emperor Maurice, the
cruel fate of, and her daughters, 766.
Constantine the Great, the several opinions as to the
place of his birth, 151, note 10. His history, 150. He
is saluted emperor by the British legions on the death
of his father, 151. Marries Fausta, the daughter of
Maximian, 153. Puts Maximian to death, 155. Ge.
neral review of his administration in Gaul, 156.
dertakes to deliver Rome from the tyranny of Maxen-
tius, 157, 158. Defeats Maxentius, and enters Rome,
160. His alliance with Licinius, 161. Defeats Lici-
nius, 163, 164. Peace concluded with Licinius, 164.
His laws, ibid. Chastises the Goths, 165. Second civil
war with Licinius, 165, 166. Reunion of the empire
under Constantine, 167. Motives which induced him
to make Byzantium the capital of his empire, 221.
Declares his determination to spring froin divine
command, 224 Despoils other cities of their or-
naments to decorate his new capital, 225. Cere-
mony of dedicating his new city, 227. Form of
eivil and military administration established there,

998. Separates the civil from the military admin.
stration, 24. Corrupted military discipline, 215
His character, 243, 244. Account of his family, H,
245. His jealousy of his son Crispus, 245. Mysterion
deaths of Crispus and Licinius, 46 His repentance
and acts of atonement enquired into, bid. His
and nephews, 247. Sends them to superintend the
several provinces of the empire, 248 Assists the Sar
matians, and provokes the Goths, 249 Reduces the
Goths to peace, ibid. His death, 230. Attempt to as
certain the date of his conversion to Christianity,
His Pagan superstition, 277. Protects the Christians a
Gaul, ibid. Publishes the edict of Milan, ibid. Motives
which recommended the Christians to his favour, fi
Exhorts his subjects to embrace the Christian pr
fession, 279. His famous standard the Laberum di
scribed, 280, His celebrated vision previous to ha
battle with Maxentius, 1. Story of the mirartike
cross in the air, 282. His conversion accounted fe,
from natural and probable causes, 283 His theological
discourses, ibid. His devotion and privileges, did
The delay of his baptism accounted for, 284. Is com
memorated as a saint by the Greeks, 3. His edit
against heretics, 292 Favours the cause of Calas
against Donatus, 293 His sensible letter to the babi
of Alexandria, 301. How prevailed on to ratify the
Nicene creed, S302. His levity in religion, Granted
a toleration to his Pagan subjects, 315. His reform of
Pagan abuses, ibid. Was associated with the Heathen
Deities after his death, by a decree of the senate, 1
His discovery of the holy sepulchre, 329 Publication
of his fictitious donation to the bishops of Rome, 8,
845. Fabulous interdiction of marriage with strange,
ascribed to him, 957.

Constantine II, the son of Constantine the Great, is sent
to preside over Gaul, 248. Division of the expe
among him and his brothers, on the death of her
father, 251. Invades his brother Constans, and a
killed, 254.

Constantine III, emperor of Constantinople, 807
Constantine IV. Pogonatus, emperor of Constantinople,

808.

Constantine V. Copronymus, emperor of Constantinople,
811. Fates of his five sons, 812 Revolt of ArtaÈS,
and troubles on account of image worship, 557. Aba
lishes the monkish order, ibid.

Constantine VI., emperor of Constantinople, $12
Constantine VIL Porphyrogenitus, emperor of Constan
tinople, 819. His cautions against discovering the st
of the Greek fire, 930. Account of his works,
Their imperfections pointed out, ibid. His account d
the ceremonies of the Byzantine court, 957. Just, fies
the marriage of his son with the princess Bertha of
France, 957, 958.

Constantine VIII., emperor of Constantinople, 80
Constantine IX., emperor of Constantinople, 81, 82
Constantine X. Monomachus, emperor of Constantinople,

823.

Constantine XI. Ducas, emperor of Constantinople, A
Constantine XII, emperor of Constantinople, 824, 85
Constantine Palæologus, the last of the Greek emperors,
his reign, 1167. And death, 1179.
Constantine Sylvanus, founder of the Paulicians, 966
His death, 968.
Constantine, a private soldier in Britain, elected emperor
for the sake of his name, 497. He reduces Gaul and
Spain, ibid. His reduction and death, 498.
Constantine, general under Belisarius in Italy, his death,

673.

Constantinople, its situation described, with the motives
which induced Constantine the Great to make this city
the capital of his empire, 221-223. Its local advas
tages, 223. Its extent, 224. Progress of the work, 20
Principal edifices, ibid. How furnished with icbshit
ants, 226. Privileges granted to it, 227. Ita decics
tion, ibid. Review of the new form of civil and military
administration established there, 228 Is allotted to
Constantine the Younger, in the division of the empire,
on the emperor's death, 251. Violent contests thert
between the rival bishops, Paul and Macedonius, R
Bloody engagement between the Athanasians and
Arians on the removal of the body of Constantine,
Triumphant entry of the emperor Julian, 24. The
senate of, allowed the same powers and honours as that
at Rome, $28. Arrival of Valens, as emperor of the
East, $70. Revolt of Procopius, 371. Continued the
principal seat of the Arian heresy, during the reigas of
Constantius and Valens, 422, Is purged from Aria
by the emperor Theodosius, 423. Council of,
enriched by the bodies of saints and martyrs,
surrection against Gainas and his Arian Goths, S
Persecution of the archbishop, St. Chrysostom,
Popular tumults on his account, 512. The city and
Eastern empire distracted by the factions of the circus
632, 635. Foundation of the church of St. Sophia,
642. Other churches erected there by Justinian,
Triumph of Belisarius over the Vandals, 660, 061 State

Re-

of the armies under the emperor Maurice, 764. The
armies and city revolt against him, 765. Deliverance
of the city from the Persians and Avars, 773, 774.
ligious war about the Trisagion, 790, 791. Prospectus
of the remaining history of the Eastern empire, 805
Summary review of the five dynasties of the Greek em-
pire, 832, 833. Tumults in the city to oppose the de-
struction of images, 836. Abolition of the monkish
order by Constantine, 837. First siege of, by the Sara-
cens, 927.
Second siege by the Saracens, 928, 929.
Review of the provinces of the Greek empire in the
tenth century, 950. Riches of the city of Constanti
nople, 953. The Imperial palace of, 954. Offices of
state, 955.
Military character of the Greeks, 959.
The name and character of Romans supported to the
last, 963. Decline and revival of literature, 963,
964. The city menaced by the Turks, 977. Account
of the Varangians, 979. Naval expeditions of the
Russians against the city, 981. Origin of the separation
of the Greek and Latin churches, 1058. Massacre of
the Latins, 1060. Invasion of the Greek empire, and
conquest of Constantinople by the crusaders, 1067. The
city taken, and Isaac Angelus restored, 1068, 1069.
Part of the city burnt by the Latins, 1070. Second
siege of the city by the Latins, 1071. Is pillaged, 1072.
Account of the statues destroyed, 1073, 1074. Partition
of the Greek empire by the French and Venetians, 1076.
The Greeks rise against their Latin conquerors, 1079.
The city retaken by the Grecks, 1084. The suburb of
Galata assigned to the Genoese, 1109. Hostilities be
tween the Genoese and the emperor, 1110. How the
city escaped the Moguls, 1118. Is besieged by the sultan
Amurath II, 1138. Is compared with Rome, 1158,
1159. Is besieged by Mahomet II. sultan of the Turks,
1174. Is stormed and taken, 1178, 1179. Becomes the
capital of the Turkish empire, 1182.
Constantius Chlorus, governor of Dalmatia, was intended
to be adopted by the emperor Carus, in the room of his
vicious son Carinus, 130. Is associated as Cæsar by
Diocletian in his administration, 134. Assumes the
title of Augustus, on the abdication of Diocletian, 149.
His death, 151. Granted a toleration to the Christians,
217.
Constantius, the second son of Constantine the Great, his
education, 247. Is sent to govern the Eastern pro-
vinces of the empire, 218. Seizes Constantinople on
the death of his father, 251. Conspires the death of
his kinsmen, ibid. Division of the empire among him
and his brothers, ibid. Restores Chosroes king of Ar-
menia, 252. Battle of Singara with Sapor king of
Persia, 253. Rejects the offers of Magnentius and Ve-
tranio, on the plea of a vision, 255. His oration to the
Illyrian troops at the interview with Vetranio, 256.
Defeats Magentius at the battle of Mursa, 257.
councils governed by eunuchs, 259, 260. Education
of his cousins Gallus and Julian, 260. Disgrace and
death of Gallus, 262. Sends for Julian to court, 261.
Invests him with the title of Cæsar, ibid. Visits Rome,
265. Presents an obelisk to that city, ibid. The Qua
dian and Sarmatian wars, 266. His Persian negotia.
tions, 267. Mismanagement of affairs in the East, 268.
Favours the Arians, 302. His religious character by
Ammianus the historian, ibid. His restless endeavours
to establish an uniformity of Christian doctrine, 303.
Athanasius driven into exile by the council of Antioch,
305. Is intimidated by his brother Constans, and invites
Athanasius back again, 306. His interviews with Atha-
nasius, ibid. His scrupulous orthodoxy, 303.
tious conduct in expelling Athanasius from Alexandria,
ibid. His strenuous efforts to seize his person, 309,
Athanasius writes invectives to expose his character,
310. Is constrained to restore Liberiuz, bishop of Rome,
311 Supports Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople,
and countenances his persecutions of the Catholics and
Novatians, 312, His conduct toward his Pagan subjects,
315. Envies the fame of Julian, 316. Recals the legions
from Gaul, 317. Negotiations between him and Julian,
319, 320. His preparations to oppose Julian, 323, His
death and character, 324.

His

His cau-

Constantius, general, relieves the British emperor Con-
stantine when besieged in Arles, 497. His character
and victories, 498. His marriage with Placidia, and
death, 518.

Constantius, secretary to Attila king of the Huns, his
matrimonial negotiation at the court of Constantinople,

533.

Consul, the office of, explained, 25. Alterations this office
underwent under the emperors, and when Constanti-
nople became the seat of empire, 229. The office of,
suppressed by the emperor Justinian, 650. Is now sunk
to a commercial agent, 1191.

Contracts, the Roman laws respecting, 735. Especially
the matrimonial contract, 729, 7.0.
Copts of Egypt, brief history of, 801, 802.

Corinth, reviving as a Roman colony, celebrates the
Isthmian games, under the emperor Julian, 3-9. The
isthmus of, fortified by the emperor Justinian, 644.

Count, great difference between the ancient and modern
application of this title, 234. By whom first invented,
ibid. Of the sacred largesses, under Constantine
the Great, his office, 238. Of the private estate,
ibid. Of the domestics in the Eastern empire, his office,
259.

Courage, decline of, in the Roman empire, 22.
Courtenay, history of the family of, 1087-1089.
Crescentius, consul of Rome, his vicissitudes, and dis-
graceful death, 855.

Is reco-

Crete, the isle of, subdued by the Saracens, 940.
vered by Nicephorus Phocas, 947. Is purchased by the
Venetians, 1076.

Crimes, how distinguished by the penal laws of the Ro-
mans, 737.

Crispus, son of Constantine the Great, is declared Cæsar,
164. Distinguishes his valour against the Franks and
Alemanni, 165. Forces the passage of the Hellespont,
and defeats the fleet of Licinius, 167. His character,
245. His mysterious death, 246.

Crispus, the patrician, marries the daughter of Phocas,
and contributes to depose him, 767. Is obliged to turni
monk, ibid.

Croatia, account of the kingdom of, 973, 974.
Cross, the different sentiments entertained of this instru-
ment of punishment, by the Pagau and Christian
Romans, 280. The famous standard of, in the army of
Constantine the Great, described, 280, 281. His visions
of, 282, The holy sepulchre and cross of Christ dis-
covered, 339. The cross of Christ undiminished by
distribution to pilgrims, ibid.

Crown of thorns, its transier from Constantinople to Paris,
1083.

Crowns, mural and obsidional, the distinction between,
356, note 62.

Crusade, the first, resolved on at the council of Clermont,
1020. Enquiry into the justice of the holy war, ibid.
Examination into the private motives of the crusaders,
1021. Departure of the crusaders, 1023. Account of
the chiefs, 1024. Their march to Constantinople, 1027.
Review of their numbers, 1030. They take Nice, 1031.
Battle of Dorylæum, 1032. They take Antioch, 1033.
Their distresses, 1034. Are relieved by the discovery
of the holy lance, 1035. Siege and conquest of Jeru
salem, 1037. Godfrey of Bouillon chosen king of Jeru
salem, 1058. The second crusade, 1042. The crusaders
ill-treated by the Greek emperors, 1043, 1044. The
third crusade, 1051. Siege of Acre, ibid. Fourth and
fifth crusades, 1054. Sixth crusade, 1055. Seventh cru-
sade, 1056 Recapitulation of the fourth crusade, 1062.
General consequences of the crusades, 1085, 1086.
Ctesiphon, the city of, plundered by the Romans, 78. Its
situation described, 356. Julian declines the siege of
that city, 358. Is sacked by the Saracens, 894.
Cublai, emperor of China, his character, 1115.
Cufa, foundation of, 895.

Curopalata, his office under the Greek emperors, 955.
Customs, duties of, imposed by Augustus, 61.

Cycle of indictions, the origin of, traced, and how now
employed, 240, note 170.

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, his history and martyrdom,
205-207.

Cyprus, the kingdom of, bestowed on the house of Lusig
nan, by Richard I. of England, 1061.

Cyrene, the Greek colonies there finally exterminated by
Chosroes II. king of Persia, 769.

Cyriades, an obscure fugitive, is set up, by Sapor the
Persian monarch, as emperor of Rome, 102.

Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem, his pompous relation of a
miraculous appearance of a celestial cross, 302. His
ambiguous character, 359.

Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, his life and character, 781,
782. Condemns the heresy of Nestorius, 783. Procures
the decision of the council of Ephesus against Nes-
torius, 781, 785. His court intrigues, 785, 786.