is either positive or negative, according to what we wish to 2o. The impersonal verb s'en falloir, in the sense of a want or privation, used negatively, or accompanied by peu, moins, guère, or other words that impart a negative sense, require ne before the subordinate verb in the subjunctive, as— il ne s'en faut pas de beaucoup que la somme entière n'y soit, peu s'en fallut qu'elle n'est épousé son cousin, there was very little wanting to complete the sum. she was just on the point of marrying her cousin. OBSERVE.-Beaucoup, when speaking of deficiency in quantity, is preceded by de; but when speaking of the difference between persons or things, the de is omitted. Ꭺ EXERCISE CXLV. e14 1o. Take care he does not expose a life so dear; e e121 que e9 e103 es observe that the author does not say what you attribute to prendre garde prêter him; take care at that clause of your contract; we will take €5 e121 .......f. €70 elo elő contrat m. ей great care that they shall not abuse, our excess of confidence; bien e121 e100 R de excès €20 €30 I have taken care that he should not elude the question pro e5 e121 éluder ..f. .... posed. 2°. So far be it that a christian ought to hate his .....é.. tant s'en faut e1 neighbour-that, on the contrary, he ought to assist him, and au contraire do good even to his enemies; there was not e13 e19 els A 16 much wanting de e s'en falloir H as numerous as his; elle e12 es my discourse here—a discourse that nothing binds nor elle ici clogs, proceeds and flows of itself, and little would make embarasser marcher e126 lui-même s'en falloir F peu proceed faster than thoughts. A A it sometimes e47 que il aller R vite ede Prends garde que jamais l'astre qui nous éclaire, RULE CXLVI.-1°. The verbs craindre, to fear; avoir peur, to be afraid; appréhender, to dread; trembler, to tremble lest; de peur que, de crainte que, for fear that, require ne before the next verb in the subjunctive; if, by these expressions of dread or fear, we intend to imply that we wish the circumstance expressed by the verb not to take place, as— je crains qu'il ne me voie, I fear he will see you. courez de peur qu'il ne vous run, for fear he should see voie, you. In the first example, I express, by my fear of being seen, a wish, a desire not to be seen, and, by the second, a wish that he should not see you; but if no such wish exists, and if, on the contrary, I want to express a hope, a desire that the thing may happen, I add a negative to the English, and pas, point, or plus to the French, as je crains qu'il ne me voie pas, courez de peur qu'il ne vous voie pas, I am afraid he does not see me. run, for fear he should not see you. These last examples express an idea contrary to the preceding, as by the latter I wish him to see me, and to see you, expressed by the fear that he will not do so. When the first verb is negative or interrogative, ne is omitted in the second, the phrase then implying indifference; but if they are both negative and interrogative, then ne is used, as je ne crains pas qu'il me voie, | craignez-vous qu'il vous voie? ne craignez-vous pas qu'il ne vous voie? I am not afraid of his seeing me. are you afraid of his seeing you? are you not afraid of his seeing you? 2o. Nier, douter, désespérer, empêcher, disconvenir, and contester, used negatively or interrogatively, require ne before the subordinate verb in the subjunctive, as— je ne doute pas que vous ne | I do not doubt but that you soyez très-habile, are very clever. peut-on nier que la santé ne can any one deny but that soit préférable aux richesses? health is preferable to riches? 3o. OBSERVE.-If any of these verbs are positive, or if the verb nier is equivalent to agreeing to, or acknowledging a thing, ne is omitted before the second verb, as je désespère qu'il puisse venir, | I despair of his coming. je ne vous nie pas que je l'aime, I do not deny I love her. Douter does not take ne when it is interrogative, unless it is to infer a negation, as— ther is ill? doutez-vous que votre frère soit | do you doubt that your bromalade? qui doute que votre frère ne soit who doubts that your brother malade? is ill? EXERCISE CXLVI. 1o. You are afraid I should die with joy-but are you A e18 e10 €65 e81 el avoir peur que not also afraid that I should die with the displeasure of €33 e45 e18 e10 déplaisir m. beleiving the contrary? it is always to be feared that elő contraire m. e26 doit those who have no principle of religion fall into ime12 ..f. e e art. proper conduct; he has informed against you, for fear you dénoncer travers m. e35 A e4e48 should not be punished; he has justified you, for fear you €32 justifier e4 €48 should be punished; I trembled, lest they should observe €32 €49 G que s'appercevoir de my absence; he trembled, lest they would not receive him. .f. e17 s e10 e49 G €146 €20 2o. No natural philosopher doubts now but that the sea has e35 physicien e1 être covered a great part of the inhabited earth; they did not couvrir e1 partie f. habité e1 e20 e112 que despair but that you would become learned; I doubt not but that we would be more peaceable with less laws. 3o. Do e146 tranquille e e25 es €3 you doubt that that history, which is so well written, will e77 reach to posterity? parvenir postérité f. e8 e12 el Le soleil, étonné de tant d'effets divers, Et qu'un autre que lui n'éclairât l'univers. RACINE. OF THE PREPOSITIONS DE AND A. RULE CXLVII.-1°. Of or from, and to and at, generally denote the same relation in French as in English, as— j'ai voyagé d'un bout de la I have travelled from one end France à l'autre, of France to the other. 2o. When from, followed by to, denotes duration of time or distance, in the sense of beginning to end, or to point out the distance from one extreme to another, they are rendered by depuis and jusqu'à, as— il est resté depuis lundi jusqu'à he remained from Monday to mercredi, Wednesday. But if the sentence begins by de, to in the second part must be rendered by à, as j'irai de Paris à Londres, | I will go from Paris to London. From and to, governing the same noun repeated, are rendered by de and en, as il croît de jour en jour, il va de province en province, he grows from day to day. vince. 3o. To, preceded by from in the first part, is rendered by en, when it marks the progress of anything, particularly from place to place, from country to country, &c., except proper names of towns, cities, &c., as les affaires vont de mal en pis, | things are going from bad to worse. il alla de France en Russie, je vais de Paris à Londres, he went from France to Russia. I am going from Paris to London. EXERCISE CXLVII. 1o. "Tell me," said Tibérius Cracchus to the nobles, "who e2 elo G €78 is best, a citizen or a perpetual slave, a soldier, or a useless €66 €26 perpétuel e12 man in war?" 2°. I will wait for you to-morrow, from five el o'clock until six; "from sorrow to pleasures we pass by turns;" ele jusqu'à el tour à tour "all changes, 'tis the law, night succeeds to day;" lightnings e14 ello e2 Icleft the clouds from one to fendre & nue f. A art. another pole; those art. autre ..ô..m. A have been from farm to farm until they found work. 3°. I e jusqu'à que elo T came from New York to England in twelve days; they go ele K eε €20 e1 from Edinburgh to London, by sea, in forty-eight hours; the el0 wind drives impetuously the flame from tent to tent; e pousser impétueusement flamme pl. pavillon m. e147 France extends from the Rhine to the ocean. s'étendre ...é...m. OF THE DIFFERENT RELATIONS OF SEVERAL FRENCH PREPOSITIONS. 1.-A travers, au travers, through. RULE CXLVIII.-A travers means a free opening, a thoroughfare, without any obstacle, and au travers signifies a passage made, or forced, by overcoming some difficulty, as il alla à travers les bois, il se fit jour au travers l'ennemi (or de l'ennemi). he went through the woods. 2.-Autour, Alentour, round, around. |