EXERCISE CXXVI. 1o. How agreeable2 it is1 to quench one's thirst in a running 94 e2 se désaltérer water; "there are heaped, within destructive walls,' couler "the upon the dying;" e126 pl. el mourant pl. e9 76 writing is the only image of the voice-the more it is like, the e124 seul peinture f. better it is. 2°. Look at those flowers dying from the sting of €23 e126 aiguillon m. an insect; "behold those Drusi darting towards glory," ......e f. regarder ...... voler "those Décii dying to live in memory. 1 and 2. Waters flowing towards the sea, are immerged in it; running waters couler e93 se perdre elle e126 are much wholesomer than those of pools; we found this sain étang m. elo el shepherdess sleeping profoundly on the shores of the Tagus; bergère es profondément elll I have seen flocks wandering in the meadow; men who wander e109 errant RULE CXXVII.-49. 1°. When the participle present is preceded by the preposition en, or if the preposition en be understood, it is indeclinable, and always refers to the subject of the verb; therefore, if it is intended to refer to the object of the verb, the present of the infinitive must be used instead of the participle present without en, as— je vous ai vu en priant Dieu, | I saw you in praying to God. This would signify that it was I that was praying, as I is the subject, and the part. pres. refers to it; but if I say, je vous ai vu prier Dieu, or priant Dieu, without the preposition en, it will then signify I saw you pray or praying to God. 2o. When the participle present is used without the preposition en, it may relate either to subject or object; and where any ambiguity may appear, the preposition en must be used to prevent it, as it will make the participle relate to the subject, as j'ai vu votre frère sortant | I saw your brother coming out d'une voiture, of a coach. Who came out, I or your brother? the phrase does not decide; but if I add en to it, j'ai vu votre frère en sortant, &c., it makes the participle refer to the subject, and decides that je sortais, I was coming out, and not my brother. 3o. The pronoun en, of him, of it, must never be placed before a participle present, as je vous ai envoyé mon fils, | I have sent you my son, wishvoulant en faire quelque ing to make something good chose de bon, of him. But if I had written en voulant faire quelque chose de bon, it would have meant, wishing to do something good. As no preposition but en can govern the participle present, should any other preposition govern the English participle which cannot be rendered by en, the infinitive must be used, as— je suis fatigué de courir, I am tired of running. il est fatigué sans travailler, he is tired without working. 4°. By, in the sense of by means of, is generally rendered by en before a participle present, as il s'est fait mal en dansant, | he has hurt himself by dancing. 5°. The English participle present is often used as a noun and the subject of a verb; it is then rendered either by the corresponding noun or the present of the infinitive, as— la danse n'est pas nécessaire, dancing is not necessary. le jeu de Madame Siddons the acting of Mrs. Siddons was était incomparable, incomparable. 6o. When the English participle present refers to a noun or pronoun object of a preceding verb, it is generally rendered in French by the present or imperfect tense preceded by qui, or sometime by the infinitive, particularly after voir, entendre, écouter, as j'ai senti ce chien qui me mor- | I felt that dog biting me. dait, il vous a vu courir dans le he saw you running in the jardin, garden. 7°. The participle present, construed in English with the possessive pronoun, must be rendered in French by a personal pronoun, preceded by que, and followed by a verb in such a tense as the sense may require, as— j'avais peur qu'elle ne tombe, je savais qu'elle avait tombé, I was afraid of her falling. 8°. It being, at the beginning of a phrase, cannot be construed into French but by some other tense of the verb être, preceded by comme, puisque, or depuis que, using ce before the verb, if followed by a noun or pronoun, and il if followed by an adjective, as— comme c'est mon intention de | it being my intention to tra 1o. and 4°. Fishermen's boats appearing and disappearing pêcheur e1 paraissant disparaissant alternately between the waves, were in danger, by striking tour à tour vague f. hasarder e56 s'échouer upon the shore, of meeting their fate; I contribute to elll y trouver A sort m. e1 faire his present good' by allowing him to be free; I en le moment présent e1o e66 e65 contribute to his future2 e37 libre e2 good' by arming him against dans l'avenir e19 e56 armer 2. "She had always the key €9 clef f. the evils he must encounter. A es que e supporter of that place," "but letting it fall, Joconde found it." A là 3. A prince smooths the sternness of power by sharing in the €74 ....... duties of it. 5. Singing soothes in retirement, and charms €49 chant m. consoler retraite f. charmer in society. 6. I heard Mrs. S. singing a new1 Italian3 air3. monde m. e121 e1á e35 ....m. 7. I am ignorant of his having received the payment of the €84 elo montant m. bill. 8. It being decided by a majority, I give up. pluralité f. céder OF THE PARTICIPLE PAST. RULE CXXVIII.-50 to 52. 1°. The participle past, used with the verb être, agrees with the subject of the verb, except with reflective verbs, as the verb être in that case is used for the verb avoir, and is subject to the same rules, as— elles sont très-fatiguées, elles se sont donné beaucoup de peines, they are much fatigued. 2o. The participle past also agrees with the subject of the verb, when used with sembler or paraître, as elle semble affligée, elle y parait accoutumée, she seems afflicted. she appears accustomed to it. These two participles agree with the subject, because the verb être is understood-elle semble être affligée, elle parait être accoutumée; été, been, is the only participle that is indeclinable. 3o. When the participle past, attendu, y compris, excepté, ci-inclus, ci-joint, supposé, oui, come before a noun, they are considered as prepositions, and are indeclinable; but when placed after the nouns, they are considered adjectives, and are declinable, as vous avez acheté tous ses biens, you have bought all his proy compris la ferme, perty, the farm included. Il a vendu tous ses biens, sa ferme comprise. 4°. When the participle past of an active or reflective verb is preceded by its direct object, it is declinable; and when the direct object comes after the participles, it is indeclinable, as je les ai lues (i. e., histoires), | I have read them (histories). j'ai lu ces histoires, I have read those histories. This rule is essential, in as much as it admits of no deviation; and the only difficulty the learner has to encounter is to distinguish whether the object that precedes the verb be direct or indirect; what verbs may or may not have a direct object; and when an infinitive follows a participle, to which of the two the object belongs. These points being ascertained, it is easy to decide whether the participle be declinable or not, by conformity to the general rule. The direct object preceding the participle past can only be the following personal pronouns-me, te, se, nous, vous, le, la, les, the relative pronoun que, or a noun preceded by quel, quelle, &c., autant de, combien de, and que de, as— je les ai vus hier, la femme que vous avez vue... que de difficultés j'ai éprou vées! quelle joie nous avons éprouvée! I saw them yesterday. the woman whom you saw. how many difficulties I have experienced! what joy we have experienced! EXERCISE CXXVIII. 1o. Beloved by her husband, adored by her children, this chéri e good mother is constantly devoted to the happiness of perpétuellement s'occuper e78 e2 ello all those around her; laws are made for the greater A el4 e12 qui environner advantage of all-we must therefore obey the laws that have been established. 2°. Young ladies, you seem A оп tired e121 ennuyé you; all your hens appear e14 e10 poule es to me starving. 3°. Except this lady, every body was pleased affamé excepté e5 H e13 -every body was pleased, this lady excepted. 4o. How de fois christian......for having made her an unfortunate2 queen1! "all the honours which thou asked me for, I instantly and e14 willingly granted them to thee1;" the exploits of Alexander sans peine e46 K .m. have been lauded by some historians—for my part, far from vanté ......... moi loin admiring them, I have always considered them deserving e28 |