M. D. fut blessé par son | Mr D. was wounded by his cheval, horse. l'alphabet fut inventée par the alphabet was invented by Cadmus le Phénicien, Cadmus the Phenician. The neuter verbs have an indirect object, generally governed by à or de, as— cette femme médit de son pro- | this woman slanders her neighchain, bour. But some of them have no object, as, dormir, to sleep. The reflective verbs have me, te, se, nous, vous, se for their direct and sometimes for their indirect object: when they are indirect, they require a direct object after the verb, as— je me suis coupé, il se donne des louanges, I have cut myself. he praises himself. OF THE PLACE OF THE OBJECTS. RULE CXII. 42. 1°. The object is placed after the verb, first, when it is a noun; second, when it is a noun or personal pronoun, with the preposition expressed; third, in the imperative, whether the pronoun as object be direct or indirect except in the third person singular and plural, as— 1. Louis XVI. aimait ses su- | Louis XVI. loved his subjets, 2. je le donne à lui et à vous, 3. donnez la à votre sœur, 3. donnez lui cet évantaille, jects. When the imperative is used negatively, the pronoun, as object, is placed before the verb, except in those cases where the preposition must be expressed; but if the object be a noun, it is placed after the verb in all cases. 2o. The object comes before the verb, and is repeated before each, first, when it is a personal pronoun and a direct object, or being an indirect object the preposition is understood; second, when the object being a noun is preceded by the interrogative pronoun quel, quelle, &c., whether it be governed by a preposition or not, asje les ai vus hier au soir, vous lui avez donné beaucoup d'embarras, quelle raison pouvez-vous donner? I saw them last night. 3o. When the verb has two objects, the one direct and the other indirect, the direct precedes the indirect, as also when being composed of several words they are of the same length; but being of different lengths, the shorter precedes the longer, without any regard as to which is the direct or indirect, asgive a watch to your sister. donnez une montre à votre sœur, nous préferons, à une heureuse médiocrité, les richesses qui sont la source de tous nos malheurs, we prefer, to a happy competency, the riches which are the cause of all our misfortunes. However, to avoid equivoque, the indirect object may precede the direct, even when they are of the same length, asle physicien arrache à la na- | the natural philosopher exture tous ses secrets, tracts from nature all her secrets. If the objects were transposed, a doubt might arise in French whether the secrets he extracts were nature's or his own. Any person feeling the sense of what they write will know where to place the object, for it is not a matter of choice but of necessity, as the two following sentences will show: croyez-vouz pouvoir ramener | do you think you are able to ces esprits égarés par la douceur? croyez-vouz pouvoir ramener par la douceur ces esprits égarés? restore those minds led astray by mildness? do you think you are able to restore by mildness those minds led astray. EXERCISE CXII.-PART I. 1o. My death will serve Rome as much as my life would e9 Rome; fickle volage seul e aujourd'hui résister fortune seems to mock se moquer de you; Mr Arnot came to us f. €8 ele 16 when we were not thinking of him; love others, and they will es love you. 2o. Riches are pleasing to us, we wish to increase e26 F é37 et accroître them, and to retain them by any means whatever; el quelque prix m. que ce soit we forgive ourselves everything, and nothing to others; what se pardonner conserver €40 e12 e19 quel pleurs m. tears have I wiped! what civil sécher wars have we kindled! vice intestin e2 allumer ..m. embitters pleasure, passion adulterates them, moderation empoisonner e1 ......... .....é...........f. gives them a zest, innocence purifies them, good breeding aiguiser multiplier increases them, friendship perpetuates them. frélater .........f. épurer e12 perpétuer EXERCISE CXII.-PART II. bienséance 3o. Ambition, who is foreseeing, sacrifices the present for ..f. prévoir €86 ...é...m. the future, voluptuousness, who is blind, sacrifices the future aveugle e86 for the present, but envy and the other meaner passions e19 lâche ........f. embitter both the present and the future; there are many de es persons who, with a great deal of sense, commit €8 et gens faults; between a hero and a villain there is often no difference e9 es de .........f. but the place, the opportunity, or the time; the naturalist e19 e11 pl. physicien tears from nature all her secrets; the wise man prefers sciences arracher à ......f. ........f. to riches; people, be obedient to your sovereigns, and you, el sovereigns, do to your people all the good e105 e13 power. €23 €40 A Ꭺ in your e qu'il est e2 CONCLUDING REMARKS ON OBJECTS. A noun or pronoun may be the object of several verbs, adjectives, or prepositions, providing they all govern their com plement in the same state, as— on doit aimer et respecter ses we ought to love and respect our parents. I shall be docile and faithful to your orders. These phrases are correct, because aimer and respecter govern parents in the fourth state, that is, in a direct manner; and docile and fidèle both govern ordres, in the third state; but it would be incorrect to say, either in English or in French le souverain Créateur préside | the Creator of the universe et règle le mouvement des astres, je suis très-sensible et très-mé- I content de son procédé, presides and rules the motions of the celestial bodies. am quite aware, and very much displeased, at his behaviour. Incorrect, because préside governs à, which is the third state and indirect object, and règle governs the fourth state, which is the direct object, and because sensible governs à, and mécontent governs de, two different states. It should be Le souverain Créateur préside aux mouvements des astres et les règle. Je suis très-sensible à ce procédé et j'en suis très-mécontent. Lastly, there must be no disparity between the objects of the verb; for if a verb has several objects, they must be of the same specie; for example, an active verb cannot have a noun, as a direct object and a verb with a preposition for another, as il aime la justice, et à chanter | he loves justice, and to sing les louanges du Seigneur, the praises of the Lord. It should be Il aime à rendre justice et à chanter les louanges du Seigneur. OF MOODS AND TENSES. RULE CXIII. 44-47. 1°. The present of the indicative, besides its absolute affirmation of the present time, and the expressing continued or eternal truths, serves to express a future, when accompanied with some expression that denotes a near future, as il aime la paix, que ne me disiez-vous que vous êtes mon père? je suis à vous dans l'instant, je pars demain pour Londres, he loves peace. why did you not tell me that you are my father? I'll be with you in a moment. I am going to London to morrow. Je pars demain, and je partirai demain pour Londres, are not synonymous expressions; the first simply announces the fact, the second the determination to do the act. 2o. The present is also used to relate actions past, in order to fix the attention, to strike the mind more forcibly, and, as in a theatrical representation, to offer to the senses, as it were, a present and living picture of the past, as— dès que la flotte est en pleine mer, le ciel se couvre de nuages, &c. as soon as the fleet is on the open sea, the sky is covered with clouds, &c. OBSERVE.-When the present is thus used for the past, the verbs connected in one phrase must all be in the same tense. 66 EXERCISE CXIII. 1o. But yesterday he accosts me, and pressing my hand, serrer la e23 €28 aborder Ah, Sir," said he to me, "I expect you to-morrow, Mr B. Monsieur elo €29 donner is to marry Miss S. the day after to-morrow, she brings him €2 five hundred thousand francs; this is the inscription that is €29 ......m. épitaphe f. on read on the tomb of Telemachus, "Beneath this stone lies tombe f. Télémaque e106 e61 e2 reposer epitaph, el12 2o. The €30 Fenelon; stranger, blot not with thy tears this ..é..é... passant effacer that others may read it, and weep as thou. de e19 centurion sent by Mucien enters into the port of Carthage, centurion es and as soon as he is landed, he raises his voice; the general dès que débarquer élever e9 arrives, his sight awes THE IMPERFECT, PRETERITE, AND COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. These three tenses serve equally to express a time past, anterior to the present moment, and are used with such nice distinction, dependent on circumstances, that strangers to our language find much difficulty in deciding which to use. |