days, which will do a great deal of harm to the crops; this e13 со bien A art. tort m. e15 €8 e85 s. e® lady has a fine voice, and sings with taste, which I admire €28 eε €74 €28 very much; what I was afraid of has happened; what you e28 e45 G. es 8 apply to is useless; what astonishes is not always what e30 pleases; his brother promises to correct himself of his €26 e18 de se corriger faults, of which I despair, for it is what he thinks the least of. désespérer e18 e9 €78 e2 A e16 e17 95 4°. She plays on the piano, speaks French, and draws e92 e18 ....m. e12 dessiner uncommonly well, which are considered very fine accomplishparfaitement e12 considéré es ments in a lady. e28 talent m. RULE XCIX.-26. 1°. Celui, he, him; celle, she, her; ceux, celles, they, them; always refer to a noun preceding, in reference to persons or things, and are followed by de in order to avoid the repetition of a preceding noun in the second part of a sentence, when another of the same kind is inferred as being the property of some other person, as voilà mon chien et celui de mon frère, here is my dog and my brother's, or that of my brother. Celui evidently does not stand for the identical dog mentioned before, but for another of the same kind, and pointed out by the preposition de. 2o. Celui, celle, ceux, celles, are sometimes used in reference to a noun understood, which can be of persons only, and are immediately followed by a relative pronoun, by qui, who or that, when the subject; by que, whom, that, when the object; by dont or duquel, of whom, of which, for the 2d state; and à qui or auquel, to whom, to which, for the 3d state. Celui and ceux can alone be used absolutely, that is without reference to a noun expressed or understood, as celui qui est envieux n'est pas | he who is envious is not happy. heureux, celle que j'aime ne m'aime she whom I love does not love pas, me. ceux dont vous vous plaignez | sont innocents, celles à qui vous parliez ne sont pas Françaises, those of whom you complain are innocent. they to whom you were speaking are not French. instance must not be divided The relative pronoun in this from its antecedent, though authorised in English. celui qui est content de son sort est heureux, he is happy who is contented with his lot. By adding là to the demonstrative pronoun, the same form is sometimes given as in English, as celui-là est heureux qui vit content de son sort. But again, we consider this form of expression as inelegant, and not in use. OBSERVE. In proverbs and sayings celui is often omitted before qui, as heureux, qui vit content de son sort. EXERCISE XCIX. 1o. The influence of luxury is spread over luxe m. every se répandre e26 class throughout the state, even over that of the ploughman; ...e f. pl. de e3 e13 26 laboureur we seldom succeed in acquiring great riches without making e18 e35 ...m. three sacrifices, that of peace, that of honour, and that of character; his horses are more beautiful than those of the king; he has lost his purse and his sister's. 2o. He who does e2 e23 e25 e12 rendre a kindness ought to forget it, he who receives it, remember service m. el9 it; those who make men happy are the real conquerors; he A e des heureux e conquérant is exposed to many errors who judges of others by himself; he who is what he appears will perform what he promises; a revolution is a war made against those who have something .é.........f. OF THE PRONOUN CE USED WITH ÊTRE. RULE C.-As ce, used with être, presents many difficulties, we have devoted an article to that subject, and though this may lead us into frequent repetitions, we have considered it necessary to render the subject clear and complete. 1o. Ce, with être, is often used instead of il, elle, ils, elles, in reference to something mentioned before, as— J'ai vu vos enfants ce (ils) sont des jeunes gens trèsaimables, I saw your children, they are very amiable young people. But if the noun be followed by an adjective, or a noun used adjectively, il, elle, &c. must be used, as— J'ai vu la ville d'Edimbourg, I saw the city of Edinburgh, elle est magnifique, it is beautiful. 2o. Ce is often indicative of the person or thing that is to follow, in which case it requires que before the noun, and que de before the next infinitive, as c'est une grande vertu que la | patience is a great virtue. patience, c'est une grande folie que de vouloir se tuer, it is a great folly to wish to kill oneself. In the first instance it is evident that ce relates to patience, as if it were, la patience est une grande vertu; and in the second to vouloir, as if it were, vouloir se tuer est une grande folie, but ce is more elegant and peculiar to the genius of the French language. 3o. Ce is also used elegantly in reference to what followsce fut l'envie qui occasiona le it was envy that caused the premier meurtre, As if it were, l'envie occasiona le premier meurtre. first murder. 4o. To add energy and elegance to a sentence, ce qui, ce que, ce dont, ce à quoi, used in the first part of a sentence, require ce to be repeated at the beginning of the second part, except when followed by an adjective or a participle past, without a noun, as ce qui me révolte c'est de voir des traîtres récompensés, ce dont je suis faché c'est de vous voir malade, ce qui est vrai est beau, what irritates me is to see ill. what is true is beautiful. OBSERVE. C'est in the second part governs de before the next infinitive. Should the first part of the sentence be short, or the noun that follows être be in the singular, the ce may or may not be repeated, as taste may dictate, as C'est in the last sentence, though est be followed by a noun, is more conformable to taste, the sentence being comparatively long. 5°. Ce often stands for the word chose, restricted by the words that follow, as on ne doit s'appliquer qu'à ce qui peut être utile, we ought to apply ourselves only to what is useful. As if it were à la chose qui peut être utile. 6o. The verb être preceded by ce, and followed by a preposition, with a noun or pronoun, singular or plural, is put in the singular with que before the complement, as c'est à des charlatants que vous it is in quacks that you have vous êtes fié, confided. c'est d'elle que je désire parler, it is of her I wish to speak. Que can only be omitted when the preposition preceding the noun or pronoun can be transferred and put before the relative pronoun qui, as c'est pour vous que je travaile, | or, c'est vous pour qui je travaile, It is for you that I am work ing. 7°. Etre preceded by ce, and followed by a plural, is put in the plural, but if followed by one or several singulars in it, it is put in the singular, as ce sont les ouvrages médiocres qu'il faut abréger, c'est le menteur et le flatteur qu'il faut craindre, it is indifferent works that must be abridged. it is the liar and the flatterer that are to be dreaded. OBSERVE.— That though we sometimes find the verb in the singular, followed by a plural, as, est-ce vos enfants qui ont fait cela? it is better to put the verb in the plural, but we never find a plural verb followed by a singular. 8°. Être with ce, followed by nous and vous, is put in the singular, but if followed by eux it is put in the plural, as— OBSERVE. That the verb être, in the first part of a sentence, must correspond in tense with the second verb; to say, therefore, c'est Cicéron qui sauva la république is wrong, it should be, ce fut Cicéron qui sauva la république. 9o. In interrogative sentences the verb être, with ce, can only be put in the plural when it is in the imperfect and the two conditionals, as est-ce eux qui dansent? sera-ce vos fils qui iront? is it they who are dancing? will it be your son that will go? Sont-ce eux, and seront-ce vos fils, are too grating to the ear to be allowed, but we use the plural in the following: étaient-ce eux qui chantaient? seraient-ce vos filles qui nous feraient cet honneur? was it they who were singing? would it be your daughters that would do us this honour? EXERCISE C.-PART I. 1o. One of the things that struck me most among the e15 the astronomers, who pretend to know the nature of the stars, affirm that they are so many s e28 assurer autant de el grammar, it is a very useful book; I have seen your grammar, e8 e3 €8 e2 et e8 every degree. 2o. It is a e20 art. |