The article is also used before nouns after monsieur, madame, &c., to express ridicule, reproach, or blame, as— monsieur le fripon! M. le menteur! mesdemoiselles les paresseuses! Mr. thief! Mr. liar! you lazy girls! EXERCISE LXII. 1o. The gentleman you saw yesterday is gone; do you que et K €28 partir intend, sir, to call on Messrs. Melville? when I shall go to the ladies do not leave the company of the gentlemen after quitter e39 société f. A esl art. dinner; ladies, I hope I have not made you wait long. e attendre long tems 2o. This is the gentleman of whom I spoke to you; the poor dont e12 €29 lady is dying. 3°. A lady called at two o'clock; that lady se mourir and gentleman in the first-class carriage are the richest in the country; my dear sir, I had the pleasure of e15 last week. 4o. el Colonel, shall you be .... e semaine f. monsieur.. e36 ......e chez monseigneur the dukes and peers have assembled; messeigneurs pair s'assembler here is my lady, and the lady A you told me to bring. CASES IN WHICH THE ARTICLE IS NOT USED. Common nouns do not take the article, when used in that indefinite state that the mind does not attribute to the word the definite meaning which it might have were it employed in a general or limited sense; in which case, an attentive pupil will readily observe that it performs the function of a restricting term, rather than imparts its original absolute meaning, as when I say un marchand de vin, a wine merchant; the real import of the word vin, wine, does not occur to me as when I say le vin est préférable à la bierre, wine is preferable to beer; but the word marchand, merchant, strikes my mind as the principal word, and vin is only considered as a restricting term to point out what kind of a merchant is spoken of. All common nouns used without an article, or any other word that performs the same function, may be considered in that restricting or qualifying state that may be easily discerned. GENERAL RULE.-No article is used before the second of two nouns when it serves to qualify the first, by specifying its manner of being, origin, species, profession, destination, kind, use, or substance, in which case they are connected by à or de; but the article is used before the second noun, if the first has a rotation of appurtenance or dependence with the second. WITHOUT THE ARTICLE. des rideaux de croisée, window curtains. il a une belle boîte d'or, he has a fine gold box. tu n'es pas fils de roi, thou art not a king's son. un bon maître de langue, WITH THE ARTICLE. les rideaux de la croisée, the window curtains. la beauté de l'or, the beauty of gold. tu n'es pas le fils du roi, thou art not the king's son. un des professeur des collèges, one of the professors of the 66 a good teacher of languages. RULE LXIII.-2. 1o. As the function of the article in French is to point out the definite sense of the noun, and as in proper names that sense is sufficiently pointed out, no article is necessary; and when in such cases it is used, it belongs to and agrees with a noun understood, as before the names of Italian poets and painters, thus:-le Tasse, le Titien, for le poëte Tasse, le peintre Titien; except Michael-Ange, Raphaël, Pétrarque, and Bocasse. Before the names of saints, when it is intended to point out a festival, as— la St. Jean, for la fête de St. Jean, | St. John's Day. It is this elliptical kind of expression which causes the article to be used before proper names which otherwise would reject the article, such as the names of countries, rivers, mountains, &c., as le Rhin, for le fleuve called Rhin; la Clyde, for la rivière called Clyde; le Parnasse, for le mont called Parnasse; la France, for la province called France, France having been a province of Rome. 2o. We also say, les Buffons et les Voltaires sont rares, for les écrivains semblables à Buffon et à Voltaire sont rares; Buffon and Voltaire being used for écrivains, are considered common nouns, and take the sign of the plural. But in the following sentence:-les Molière, les Racine, &c., ont étendu la gloire de notre langue, they are considered as proper names, and take no sign of the plural; the article being in the plural is more emphatic. Proper names enumerated also take the sign of the plural, as les deux Mithridates. It is from this cause we find the article forming part of the proper names of men, cities, &c., as le Blanc, le Rond, la Rochelle, for l'homme blanc, l'homme rond, la ville Rochelle. 3o. When the article forms part of a proper name, it is not contracted with the preposition de or à; but if the article is only used from custom, the person's profession being understood, the contraction takes place, as— J'ai regu des nouvelles de le Brun, I have heard from le Brun. il a lu la poésie du Tasse, he has read Tasso's poetry. A EXERCISE LXIII. 1o. Many persons consider Tasso as the Homer of Italy; e63 des e23 f. €42 délivrée Tasso's Jerusalem delivered, and Ariosto's Orlando Furioso Roland le furieux are two poems which will be for ever the glory of Italy; the el5 e34 ...ë...e m. el ceremony will take place either at Midsummer or Michaelmas; cérémonie f. avoir lieu ои Saint Jean f. Saint Michel f. St. George is the champion of England, and St. Denis that 13 of France; I shall be in Paris on the eve of St. Louis. 2°. veille f. f. e2 ........ Wieland was surnamed by his countrymen the Voltaire of H surnommé compatriote ......... Germany; Virgils and Ciceros will always be scarce; it is ......... e30 rare els Molière, Boileau, Racine, &c., who carried into all nations the glory of our language; the two Corneilles have distinguished el se distinguer themselves in literature. 3°. Send me two copies of Le Fain's république des lettres e e18 dictionary; he asserts that the works of Dante are better RULE LXIV.—2°. Though of or from does not admit of articles before names of countries, &c., when used as terms of qualification, yet if any word precede by which the country may be considered in its whole extent, the article must be used, as— où sont les limites de la France? | where are the limits of France? In the same manner we say l'eau de la mer, and le poisson de mer; in the first mer is considered in its whole extent; in the second de is used as restrictive of poisson, without any idea of extent. We also say on the same principle, les peuples de l'Afrique et de l'Amérique, and les villes d'Afrique et d'Amérique. Generally speaking, the article is used before nouns of countries when considered in their whole extent, and de only when used as restrictive of a preceding noun, and not considered in their extent. 2o. And though the article is not used before the names of countries when preceded by a verb that expresses residence or motion, as the going or sending to, and coming or receiving from a place, yet in such cases the article is used— 1st, When the verb, by what it expresses, requires any other preposition than en or de, as— il doit rester en France six mois, il doit partir pour la France, he is to remain in France six months. he is to go to France. 2d, When the countries named are out of Europe, then to or at, in or into, are rendered by au, à la, aux, and of or from by du, de la, des, as— il demeure à la Jamaïque, il arrive du Canada, he lives in Jamaica. he is just arrived from Canada. 3d, Before the names of mountains and rivers, and several provinces in France and Italy, as les Alpes, la Perche, la Meuse, la Pouille. Before names compounded, and particular places, as les Pays bas, the Netherlands; la Nouvelle Ecosse, Nova Scotia; le Cape de Bonne Espérance. EXERCISE LXIV. 1o. The climate of America is very diversified; the limits climat m. of France were not extended during the reign of Louis H e20 Philippe; I have travelled a great deal in France, and from one extremity of Russia to the other; I like salt-water bout m. e19 mer f. fish better than fresh-water fish. 2°. How long did you poisson m. e20 rivière f. €29 e64 e14 combien avoir reside in Turkey? three years, and I returned from Egypt es last summer; we were shipwrecked in going to Jamaica; es els H naufrage m. we then went to St. Lucia, and were again wrecked in els H encore e45 el e64 returning from Martinique; I was in Germany with my uncle, e14 K e8 ебо and we returned by Italy and France; I crossed Mont Blanc e15 e14 e3 e14 last summer; the governor of Canada is to return to England e3 gouverneur ......m. e19 in the spring; when do you mean to return to Newfoundland? RULE LXV. 1°. Though the article be denied to the preposition en, as being the indefinite of dans, yet in cases where an abstract noun is restricted by an attribute, the article is sometimes used with en; also for euphony, when the next word begins with a vowel; and frequently when the noun is feminine, as en la présence du roi, en l'absence de votre frère, in presence of the king. 2o. When a noun is identified with a verb, so that the association gives rise but to one idea, the article is omitted; this occurs more frequently with the verbs avoir and faire, and is generally rendered in English by one word, as— avoir envie, faire peur, to desire, to frighten. rendre compte, livrer bataille, to account, to fight. But if the noun be restricted by an adjective, or other circumstances, the word un, une, may be used, as— il a fait fortune aux Indes, he has made a fortune in India. il a fait une grande fortune" he has made a large fortune " 3o. Nor is the article used before a noun closely identified |