ditional, are rendered in French by the termination of that tense, as J'irais en Italie si j'avais de l'argent, nous vous donnerions de l'argent si nous étions riches, I would go to Italy if I had money. we would give you some money if we were rich. 3o. May and might, coming after the conjunction que, that, are signs of the subjunctive, rendered in French by the termination of that tense, as prettez moi votre grammaire lend me your grammar, that I afin que j'apprenne ma leçon, Je souhaitais que vous ne vinssiez que demain, may learn my lesson. I was wishing that you might not come until to-morrow. 4o. Will and could, in the sense of being willing, are rendered by the corresponding tense of vouloir, as— il veut aller à Londres, il voulait aller à Londres, he will go to London. he would go to London. 5o. May, might, can, could, expressing power to do, to perform, are rendered by pouvoir; and ought, which implies duty, and should, in the same sense, are rendered by devoir, as— Je ne puis vous parler, I cannot speak to you. il pourrait acheter cette maison, vous devriez me payer, he could, or might buy that house. you ought to, or should pay me. For the sign let, in the imperative, see the verbs. EXERCISE LIV. 1o. You shall love God with all your heart; the soldiers will do their duty; shall we not prefer glory to pleasure, and e13 honour to riches? 2°. Though the miser should possess all the gold in the world, still he would not be satisfied. 3°. From el e19 monde m. encore e19 d'après the contents of my sister's letter I am afraid my mother may die; your friend was afraid that you might not return. e18 et e19 e14 4. Pride will not be in debt, and selfishness will not pay; €29 19 e19 e37 m. would you have the goodness to take this letter for me. 5o. e13 éfronté e28 e46 el9 It may happen that the insolent wicked man appears happy, se pouvoir es R. e13 but he cannot be So, and his pillow can know it; we se pouvoir qu'il le soit oreiller m. e15 €28 e1 should never swerve from the paths of virtue; you should pay jamais s'écarter sentier m.s. el your debts, or you ought to be punished. e8 0. e19 dette f. e19 0. €32 CHAPTER SIXTH. OF ADVERBS. THE adverb serves principally to modify the verb, and is also used to modify adjectives and other adverbs; adverbs are either simple, that is, expressed by one word, as simplement, simply; or compound, that is composed of several words, as, à la hate, in haste. RULE LV. 139. 1°. Simple adverbs are placed after the verb in simple tenses, and after the auxiliary verb in comp. tenses, as il parle souvent de vous, il a souvent parlé de vous, he often speaks of you. 2o. Compound adverbs and those which govern or can govern a noun with the preposition à or de, come generally after the participle in compound tenses, as— vous avez jugé à la hâte, il a agi conformément à ces principes, you have judged hastily. 3o. Adverbs expressive of a definite period of time, such as hier, yesterday; demain, to-morrow; and those of order and rank, such as premièrement, in the first place; ensuite, afterwards; are generally placed after the participle in comp. tenses, and either before or after the verb in simple tenses, as elle a demandé de vos nou velles ce matin, she inquired after you this morning. OBSERVE―The adverb must be placed in general, before the participle or adjective which it modifies. EXERCISE LV. 1o. She has always spoken in your favour; have you ever e46 f. seen a pedant more ridiculous and vain; the mind will almost always be in the right, and the heart will €32 et el6 never own its fault; e54 e15 one cannot judge of the happiness of a man, until he has €34 félicité оп e15 heureusement e21 carrière f. nobles pl. previous to the other; the nobility have acted differently from postérieurement el the people; I shall have finished at latest by six o'clock. 3°. e21 au plus tard à e40 Fulfil all your duties to-day, you are not sure to live to-morrow; remplir e30 to-morrow I shall go to Bath, afterwards I shall return to ee s'en retourner en France; your uncle was attacked yesterday by robbers; it is e34 fine weather to-day; to-morrow it will rain; though you had arrived yesterday, you would not have seen him. être RULE LVI. 1o. Bien, well; mieux, better; mal, badly; trop, too much, are generally placed before the present of the infinitive, but if the sense or harmony require it, they may be placed after; but plus, in the sense of no more, no longer, must always precede the infinitive, as— il est agréable de bien chanter, it is agreeable to sing well. Je suis faché de la voir se mal I am sorry to see her behave conduire, so ill. Je suis décidé à ne plus vous voir, I am determined to see you no more. 2o. The five following adverbs of interrogation are always placed before the verb: pourquoi, why; comment, how; où, where; combien, how many; and quand, when, as— comment se porte votre frère? pourquoi êtes-vous si triste? how is your brother? 3o. Observe that we say assez souvent, not souvent assez, often enough; beaucoup trop, not trop beaucoup, too much; and such expressions as très-beaucoup, very much, si beaucoup, so much, are not used. Bien, before another adverb, means very, much, quite, as J'en ai bien assez, I have quite enough. But when bien comes after, it means well, as votre thême est assez bien, | your exercise is pretty well. 1o. The authority of €35 e28 EXERCISE LVI. e12 e12 e47 en establish itself too much; to speak well is sometimes to do ill; s'établir e13 €5 Miss Murray has sung well, but she might sing better; it is e18 e15 e26 e15 e12 el not necessary to eat much, but to eat well; he who boasts of el el el e12 se vanter e20 having no more faults contradicts himself. 2. Do you wish défaut m. se contredire e37 to know how to give? put yourself in the place of him who e10 where hatred prevails truth is sacrificed; though you possessed et haine f. prévaloir e12 sacrifié e55 tout serait all things, would you be the more happy? how did the e13 e33 à vous custom-house officers behave themselves? why should we douannier se comporter K pride ourselves on birth, since it is the mere effect of s'enorqueillir de sa e29 puisque pur effet m. chance? 3°. Your sister has a great deal too much pride; a OF NEGATIVE ADVERBS. The particles pas, point, plus, jamais, are only negatives by being associated with the real negative ne, either expressed or understood, to which they impart degrees or kinds of negation. Je n'ai pas d'argent, I have no money. I have no money at all. I have no more money. OBSERVE.-No more, followed by than, is expressed by pas plus, as il n'a pas plus de cinq livres, | he has not more than 5 pounds. From the above examples it will be observed that pas is not so exclusive a negation as point; je n'ai pas d'argent signifies that you have no money at present or to spare, or that you are not willing to give any; but je n'ai point d'argent signifies I am destitute, I have no money-none at all. RULE LVII.-140. 1°. The negative ne is placed before, and the accompanying particle after the verb, as may be seen in the preceding examples; but with the infinitive they are generally placed together, as Je vous prie de ne pas faire I request you will not do that— cela de ne plus aller chez lui— de ne jamais venir chez moi, not to go any more to his housenever to come to my house. 2o. Jamais is sometimes used at the beginning of a sentence, with ne before the verb, as Jamais je n'ai vu de pareille chose | I never saw such a thing. Observe, that ne always precedes the verb, and is placed after the subject and before the object, as— Je ne vous ai pas vu, 1 I did not see you. 3°. Rien, nothing; aucun, none; pas un, not one; personne, nobody; nul, not any; nullement, by no means; also require ne before the verb they accompany, whether they come before or after the verb, as il ne vous a rien donné, he has given you nothing. |