an extensive barrack for foot soldiers. It is governed by a mayor, sheriffs, and recorder. Galway has been considered as one of the strongest towns in Ireland, and held out a considerable time against general Ginkle, who invested and took it after the battle of Aghrim; since which time the bastions have been suffered to go to decay. Several religious houses were in this neighbourhood, but the ruins were entirely demolished in 1652, to prevent Cromwell from turning them into fortifications. The salmon and herring-fisheries are carried on here with great spirit, and employ several hundred boats: it has a considerable trade in making and exporting kelp, and the linen manufactures have, of late, been much improved. It is 108 miles south-west of Dublin.

GAMA (Vasco de), a Portuguese admiral, celebrated for his discovery of the passage to the East Indies, by the Cape of Good Hope, was born at Synes; and, in 1497, was sent to the Indies by king Emanuel; he returned in 1502, and sailed thither again with thirteen vessels richly laden. He was made viceroy of the Indies by king John III, and died at Cochin on the 24th of December, 1525. Stephen and Christopher de Gama, his sons, were also viceroys of the Indies, and celebrated in history. GAMBADE', n. s. Italian, gamba, a leg. GAMBA'DO, n. s. Spatterdashes, or boots

worn upon the legs above the shoe. The pettifogger ambles to her in his gambadoes once a week. Dennis's Letters.

GAMBIA, a river of Western Africa, formerly supposed to be one of the branches by which the Niger emptied its waters into the ocean; an opinion which has been completely refuted by Mr. Park. Its sources have never been actually visited; but they are ascertained to exist among that range of lofty mountains which form the eastern frontier of Foota Jallo. In the higher parts of its course it is called the

Ba Deema.

The Gambia empties itself by a mouth three leagues wide, between the Birds' Island on the north and Cape St. Mary on the south; is navigable for vessels of 300 tons, sixty leagues; and, for those of 150 tons, 250 leagues; or to Barra-. conda, to which distance the tide is felt in the dry season from December to June. From June to September the ascent is impossible, from the rapidity of the current, and in these months it also overflows and inundates the low country on its banks, which latter are generally covered with mangroves. Its waters are at all times muddy: it abounds in fish, but is infested with crocodiles. The hippopotamus also inhabits it. At Barraconda it is crossed by a bank of rocks; above which the obstructions increase in all directions.

There are two channels into the river; the northernmost, or grand channel, is between the Birds' Island and a bank named Banguion; it is two leagues wide, with six and seven fathoms. The southern, or little channel, is between the same bank and Cape St. Mary, and has only eight or nine feet depth.

The trade of the Gambia belonging almost exclusively to Great Britain, she has several

establishments on it: of which the principal is Fort James, on an island ten leagues above the entrance; and at which the depth of the river is not less than five fathoms. This island is only 200 yards long and fifty broad; it was originally fortified by the English, but being taken by the French, in 1688, they destroyed the works, and it has never been found necessary to restore them. The second establishment is Jillifree, or, the right bank opposite Fort James; it is in an healthy situation, and the neighbouring country is extremely fertile. On the left, or south bank of the river, are Vintain, two leagues above Jillifree; Tancrowal, twelve leagues further; Joukakonda, six day's navigation above Vintain. The French factory of Albreda is a league below Jillifree. The river Bintan empties itself into the Gambia on the left bank, a league above Fort James, and is navigable for large boats, at all seasons, to the village of Bintan, chiefly inhabited by African Portuguese, who are described as having good houses and a neat church. The territory along the banks of the Gambia is divided among a multitude of petty sovereignties, among which, that of Boor Salum is a principal one. The northern bank is chiefly inhabited by the Taloffs and Mandingoes; the southern by the Feloops.

GAMBIA is also the name of an island in the river Bunch, which falls into the Sierra Leone from the south; on which the French attempted

a settlement in 1784.

GAMBIER'S ISLANDS, several high islands of the South Pacific Ocean, lying in 23° 12′ S. lat., 135° 0′ W. long., occupying a space six leagues long, surrounded by a coral reef, and appearing to be well inhabited. They were discovered by captain Wilson, of the missionary ship Duff, in May, 1797. The inhabitants opposed all attempts to land. The principal island is high, and the reef by which they are surrounded shelters all of them from the billows of the main ocean, so that the sea around is calm. They present a barren appearance, but the valleys seemed covered with trees. Duff's Mountains are two lofty mountains, visible here at the distance of fourteen or fifteen leagues, and are in long. 225° 0′ E., lat. 23° 12′ S.

GAMBIER'S ISLES are also several small islands on the south coast of New Holland, at the mouth of Spencer's Gulf. Wedge Island, the largest, is in long. 136° 29′ E., lat. 35° 11′ S.

GAMBLER, n.s. Į A cant word for gameGAMBLING, part. Š ster: a knave, whose practice it is to invite the unwary, to game and cheat them.

She had an inward abhorrence of gambling.
Looker-on xxi.
Pret. from Cambogia,
A resinous gum, used in

GAMBOGE, n. s. whence it first came. medicine and painting.

Gamboge is a concreted vegetable juice, partly of a gummy, partly of a resinous nature, heavy, of a bright yellow colour, and scarce any smell. It is brought from America and the East Indies, particularly from Cambaja, or Cambogia.

Hill.

GAMBOGE is a concrete vegetable juice, partly of a gummy, and partly of a resinous nature. It is chiefly brought to us in large cakes or rolls

from Cambaja in the East Indies. The best sort is of a deep yellow or orange color, breaks shining and free from dross: it has no smell. It immediately communicates a bright golden color to spirit of wine, which almost entirely dissolves it. Geoffroy says, except the sixth part. Alkaline salts enable water to act upon this substance powerfully as a menstruum: the solution is somewhat transparent, of a deep blood-red color, and passes the filtre: the dulcified spirit of sal ammoniac readily and entirely dissolves it, and takes up a considerable quantity; and this solution mixes either with water or spirit, without growing turbid. As a pigment, it makes a beautiful yellow, which is much used by the painters. Dr. Lewis says, that it makes a beautiful and durable citron yellow stain upon marble, whether rubbed in substance on the hot stone, or applied in form of a spirituous tincture. When it is applied on cold marble, the stone must afterwards be heated, to make the color penetrate. As a medicine, gamboge evacuates powerfully both ways; some condemn it as acting with too great violence, and occasioning dangerous hypercatharses. Geoffroy seems fond of it, and informs us, that he has frequently given from two to four grains, without its proving at all emetic; and that from four to eight grains it both vomits and purges, without violence; that its operation is soon over; and that if given in a liquid form, and sufficiently diluted, it stands not in need of any corrector; that in the form of a bolus or pill, it is most apt to prove emetic, but very rarely has this effect if joined with mercurius dulcis. He nevertheless cautions against its use where the patient cannot easily bear vomiting. It has been used in dropsy with cream of tartar or jalap, or both, to quicken their operation. It is also recommended by some to the extent of fifteen grains, with an equal quantity of vegetable alkali, in cases of the tape-worm. This dose is ordered in the morning; and, if the worm is not expelled in two or three hours, it is repeated even to the third time with safety and efficacy. It is asserted that it has been given to this extent even in delicate habits. This is said to be the remedy alluded to by Baron Van Swieten, which was employed by Dr. Herenschward.

GAM'BOL, v. n. & n. s. Fr. gambiller. To dance, leap, or skip; the act of dancing or leaping a frolic; a wild prank. From gamb-in Fr. jambe, the leg, literally leaping into the air.

"Tis not madness

took the degree of Master of Arts at Christchurch, Oxford, and was afterwards presented by archbishop Secker to the living of Stanton Harcourt; but he resigned this preferment in 1748, having become a convert to the opinions of Zinzendorf, an account of whose life and character he now published. In 1754 he was consecrated a prelate of this ancient episcopal church, in which situation he displayed much activity until his death, which took place at his native town in 1771. While at Oxford he published in 1740 a sacred drama, on the martyrdom of St. Ignatius, and in 1742 superintended an edition of the Greek Testament printed at the Clarendon press. At a subsequent period of his life he assisted in translating Crantz's History of Greenland, and was the author of Maxims and Theological Ideas; a volume of Sermons on the second article of the Church of England, &c. GAMBREL, n. s. Ital. gamba, gambarella, the leg of a horse.

What can be more admirable than for the principles of the fibres of a tendon to be so mixed as to make it

Grew.

a soft body, and yet to have the strength of iron? as appears by the weight which the tendon, lying on a horse's gambrel, doth then command, when he rears up with a man upon his back. GAME, n. s. & v. n. Saxon, gaman, from GAME COCK, n. s. Goth. gamm, a tipler; GAME-EGG, n. s. Isl. gaman, a jest. The GAME KEEPER, n. s. radical, game, whence GAME'SOME, adj. all the rest are derived, GAME SOMENESS, n.s. implies simply sport, GAME SOMELY, adv. and this idea enters into GAME'STER, n.s. all the compounds, as gamecock, the bird which is bred to fight; gameegg, that from which the birds are bred; gamekeeper, a person who takes care of the birds and animals which are kept for sport. The other derivatives are expressive of varicus acts, and manners connected with the original meaning: gamester is a person who is engaged at play, whether viciously, or otherwise; a merry, frolicsome person; used also in a licentious sense.

Beryn wan the first, the seconde, and the third,— And at the fourth game, in the ches amid, The burgeyse was ymated.

-

Chaucer. The Merchantes Second Tale. Take up also The coper teine, (not knowing thilke preest,) And hid it; and hin hente by the brest,— And to him spake, and thus said in his game. The Chanones Yemannes Tale. Then on her head they set a garland green, And crowned her 'twixt earnest and 'twixt game. Spenser.

The games are done, and Cæsar is returning.

Shakspeare.

than a looker-on: but, when all is done, the help of good counsel is that which setteth business strait.

Bacon.

GAME, in law, signifies birds, or prey, taken or killed by fowling or hunting. The property of such animals feræ naturæ as are known under

worse man he is.

When we observe the ball, how to and fro

Id.

cocks in the pit.

Id.

This gamesome humour of children should rather be encouraged, to keep up their spirits and improve their strength and health, than curbed or restrained. Id.

When I see a young profligate sqandering his for tune in bagnios, or at the gaming-table, I cannot help looking on him as hastening his own death, and in a manner digging his own grave. Connoisseur.

Thus boys hatch game-eggs under birds of prey, To make the fowl more furious for the fray. Garth. Could we look into the mind of a common gamester, we should see it full of nothing but trumps and mattadores: her slumbers are haunted with kings, queens, and knaves. Addison.

Whose table wit, or modest merit share, Unelbowed by a gamester, pimp, or player. Pope. Proud Nimrod first the bloody chace began,

A mighty hunter, and his prey was man :
Our haughty Norman boasts that barbarous name,
And makes his trembling slaves the royal game. Id.
All the superfluous whims relate,
That fill a female gamester's pate;
What agony of soul she feels

Swift.

To see a knave's inverted heels. Her youngest daughter is run away with a gamester, a man of great beauty, who in dressing and dancing has no superior.

Law.

Avarice itself does not calculate strictly when it

games.

Burke on Parliament.

It will bear a doubt, if a gamester has any other title to be called a man, except under the distinction of Hobbes, and upon claim to the charter of homo hominis lupus. As a human wolf I grant he has a right to his wolfish prerogatives. Cumberland.

A phantasy which sometimes seizes warriors Unless they are game as bull-dogs and fox-terriers. Byron.

suing, taking, and destroying them, is vested in the king alone, and from him derived to such of his subjects as have received the grants of a chase, a park, or a free warren. By the law of nature, indeed, every man, from the prince to the peasant, has an equal right of pursuing, and taking to his own use, all such creatures as are feræ naturæ, and therefore the property of nobody, but liable to be seized by the first occupant. But it follows, says Blackstone, from the very end and constitution of society, that this natural right, as well as many others belonging to man as an individual, may be restrained by positive laws enacted for reasons of state, or for the supposed benefit of the community. This restriction may be either with respect to the place in which this right may, or may not, be exercised; with respect to the animals that are the subjects of this right; or with respect to the persons allowed or forbidden to exercise it. And, in consequence of this authority, we find, that the municipal laws of many nations have exerted such power of restraint; have in general forbidden the entering on another man's grounds, for any cause, without the owner's leave; have extended their protection to such part cular anihave invested the prerogative of hunting and mals as are usually the objects of pursuit; and taking such animals in the sovereign of the state only, and such as he shall authorise. Many reasons have concurred for making these constitutions: as, 1. For the encouragement of agriculture and improvement of lands, by giving every man an exclusive dominion over his own soil. 2. For the preservation of the several species of these animals, which would soon be extirpated by a general liberty. 3. For prevention of idleness and dissipation in husbandmen, artificers, and others of lower rank; which would be the unavoidable consequence of universal license. 4. For prevention of popular insurrections and resistance to the government, by disarming the bulk of the people: which last is a reason oftener meant than avowed, by the makers of forest or game laws. Nor, certainly, in these prohibitions is there any natural injustice, as some have weakly enough supposed: since, as Puffendorf observes, the law does not hereby take from any man his present property, or what was already his own; but barely abridges him of one means of acquiring a future property, that of occupancy; which indeed the law of nature would allow him, but of which the laws of society have in most instances very justly and reasonably deprived him. Yet, however defensible these provisions in general may be, on the footing of reason, or justice, or civil policy, we must, notwithstanding, acknowledge, that, in their present shape, they owe their immediate original to slavery. It is not till after the irruption of the northern nations into the Roman empire, that we read of any other prohibitions, than that natural one of not sporting on any private grounds without the owner's leave. With regard to the rise and original of our pre

war.

sent civil prohibitions, it will be found, that all forest and game laws were introduced into Europe at the same time, and by the same policy, that gave birth to the feudal system; when those swarms of barbarians issued from their northern hive, and laid the foundation of most of the present kingdoms of Europe on the ruins of the western empire. For when a conquering general came to settle the economy of a vanquished country, and to part it out among his soldiers or feudatories, who were to render him military service for such donation; it behoved him, in order to secure his new acquisitions, to keep the rustici or natives of the country, and all who were not his military tenants, in as low a condition as possible, and especially to prohibit them the use of arms. Nothing could do this more effectually than the prohibition of hunting and sporting, and therefore it was the policy of the conqueror to reserve this right to himself, and such on whom he should bestow it; which were only his capital feudatories or greater barons. And, accordingly, we find, in the feudal constitutions, one and the same law prohibiting the rustici in general from carrying arms, and also proscribing the use of nets, snares, or other engines for destroying the game. This exclusive privilege well suited the martial genius of the troops, who delighted in a sport, which in its pursuit and slaughter bore some resemblance to 'Vita omnis,' says Cæsar, speaking of the ancient Germans, 'in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris consistit.' And Tacitus in like manner observes, that 'quoties bella non ineunt, multum venatibus, plus per otium trausigunt.' And, indeed, like some of their modern successors, they had no other amusement to entertain their vacant hours; they despising all arts as effeminate, and having no other learning than was couched in such rude ditties as were sung at the solemn carousals, which succeeded these ancient huntings. It is remarkable, that in those nations where the feudal policy remains the most unaltered, the forest or game laws continue in their highest rigor. In France, before the revolution, all game was properly the king's; and in some parts of Germany it was death for a peasant to be found hunting in the woods of the nobility. With us in Britain, also, hunting has ever been esteemed a most princely diversion and exercise. The whole island was replenished with all sorts of game in the times of the Britons; who lived in a wild and pastoral manner, without enclosing or improving their grounds; and derived much of their substance from the chase, which they all enjoyed in common. But when husbandry took place under the Saxon government, and lands began to be cultivated, improved, and enclosed, the beasts naturally fled into the woody and desert tracts, which were called the forests; and, having never been disposed of in the first distribution of lands, were therefore held to belong to the crown. These were filled with great plenty of game, which our royal sportsmen reserved for their own diversion, on pain of pecuniary forfeiture for such as interfered with their sovereign. But every freeholder had the full liberty of sporting upon his own territories, provided he abstained from the

king's forests. However, upon the Norman conquest, a new doctrine took place; and the right of pursuing and taking all beasts of chase or venary, and such other animals as were accounted game, was then held to belong to the king, or to such only as were authorised under him. And this, as well upon the principles of the feudal law, that the king is the ultimate proprietor of all the lands in the kingdom, they being all held of him as the chief lord, or lord paramount of the fee; and that, therefore, he has the right of the universal soil, to enter thereon, and to chase and take such creatures at his pleasure: as also upon another maxim of the common law, that these animals are bona vacantia, and, having no other owner, belong to the king by his prerogative. As, therefore, the former reason was held to vest in the king a right to pursue and take them any where, the latter was supposed to give the king, and such as he should authorise, a sole and exclusive right. This right, thus vested in the crown, was exerted with the utmost rigor, at and after the time of the Norman establishment; not only in the ancient forests, but in the new ones which the conqueror made, by laying together vast tracts of country, depopulated for that purpose, and reserved solely for the king's royal diversion; in which were exercised the most horrid tyrannies and oppressions, under color of forest laws for the sake of preserving the beasts of chase; to kill any of which, within the limits of the forest, was as penal as the death of a man. And, in pursuance of the same principle, king John laid a total interdict upon the winged as well as the four-footed creation; capturam avium per totam Angliam interdixit. The cruel and unsupportable hardships, which these forest laws created to the subject, occasioned our ancestors to be as zealous for their reformation, as for the relaxation of the feudal rigors and the other exactions introduced by the Norman family; and accordingly we find the immunities of charta de forestâ as warmly contended for, and extorted from the king with as much difficulty, as those of magna charta itself. By this charter, confirmed in parliament, 9 Hen. III., many forests were disafforested, or stripped of their oppressive privileges, and regulations were made in the regimen of such as remained; particularly killing the king's deer was made no longer a capital offence, but only punished by a fine, imprisonment, or abjuration of the realm. And by a variety of subsequent statutes, together with the long acquiescence of the crown without exerting the forest laws, this prerogative is now become no longer a grievance to the subject. But as the king reserved to himself the forest for his own exclusive diversion, so he granted out from time to time other tracts of land to his subjects under the names of chases or parks; or gave them license to make such in their own grounds; which indeed are smaller forests in the hands of a subject, but not governed by the forest laws; and by the common law no person is at liberty to take or kill any beasts of chase, but such as hath an ancient chase or park; unless they be also beasts of prey. As to all inferior species of game, called beasts and fowls of warren; the

liberty of taking or killing them is another franchise, or royalty, derived likewise from the crown, and called free warren; a word which signifies preservation or custody: as the exclusive liberty of taking and killing fish in a public stream or river is called a free fishery; of which, however, no new franchise can at present be granted by the express provision of magna charta, c. 16. The principal intention of granting a man these franchises, or liberties, was in order to protect the game, by giving him a sole and exclusive power of killing it himself, provided he prevented other persons. And no man but he who has a chase or free warren, by grant from the crown, or prescription, which supposes one, can justify hunting or sporting upon another man's soil; nor indeed, in thorough strictness of common law, either hunting or sporting at all. However new this doctrine may seem, it is a regular consequence from what has been before delivered, that the sole right of taking and destroying game belongs exclusively to the king. This appears, as well from the historical deduction here made, as because he may grant to his subjects an exclusive right of taking them; which he could not do, unless such a right was first inherent in himself. And hence it will follow, that no person whatever, but he who has such derivative right from the crown, is by common law entitled to take or kill any beast of chase, or other game whatsoever. It is true that, by the acquiescence of the crown, the frequent grants of free warren in ancient times, and the introduction of new penalties of late by certain statutes for preserving the game, this exclusive prerogative of the king is little known or considered; every man that is exempted from these modern penalties looking upon himself as at liberty to do what he pleases with the game: whereas the contrary is strictly true, and that no man, however well qualified he may vulgarly be esteemed, has a right to encroach on the royal prerogative by the killing of game, unless he can show a particular grant of free warren, or a prescription which presumes a grant; or some authority under an act of parliament. As to the latter, there are but two instances wherein an express permission to kill game was ever given by statute; the one by 1 Jac. I. cap. 27, altered by 9 Jac. I. cap. 11, and virtually repealed by 22 and 23 Car. II. cap. 25, which gave authority, so long as they remained in force, to the owners of free warren, to lords of manors, and to all freeholders having £40 per annum in lands of inheritance, or £80 for life or lives, or £400 personal estate (and their servants), to take partridges and pheasants upon their own, or their masters' free warren, inheritance, or freehold; the other by 5 Anne cap. 14, which empowers lords and ladies of manors to appoint game-keepers, to kill game for the use of such lord or lady, which with some alteration still subsists, and plainly supposes such power not to have been in them before. The truth of the matter is, that these game laws do indeed qualify nobody, except in the instance of a gamekeeper, to kill game but only to save the trouble and formal process of an action by the person injured, who perhaps too might remit the offence, these sta

tutes inflict additional penalties to be recovered either in a regular or summary way, by any of the king's subjects, from certain persons of inferior rank, who may be found offending in this particular. But it does not follow that persons excused from these additional penalties are therefore authorised to kill game. The circumstance of having £100 per annum, and the rest, are not properly qualifications but exemptions. And these persons so exempted from the penalties of the game statutes, are not only liable to actions of trespass by the owners of the land; but also, if they kill game within the limits of any royal franchise, they are liable to the actions of such who may have the right of chase or free warren therein. Upon the whole, it appears that the king, by his prerogative, and such persons as have, under his authority, the ROYAL FRANCHISE of CHASE, PARK, or FREE WARREN (See these articles), are the only persons who may acquire any property, however fugitive and transitory, in these animals feræ naturæ, while living; which is said to be vested in them propter privilegium. And such persons as may thus lawfully hunt, fish, or fowl, ratione privilegii, have only a qualified property in these animals: it not being absolute or permanent, but lasting only so long as the creatures remain within the limits of such respective franchise or liberty, and ceasing the instant they voluntarily pass out of it. It is held indeed, that if a man starts any game within his own grounds, and follows it into another's, and kills it there, the property remains in himself. And this is grounded on reason and natural justice; for the property consists in the possession; which possession commences by the finding it in his own liberty, and is continued by the immediate pursuit. And so, if a stranger starts game in one man's chase or free warren, and hunts it into another liberty, the property continues in the owner of the chase or warren; this property arising from privilege, and not being changed by the act of a mere stranger. Or if a man starts game on another's private grounds, and kills it there, the property belongs to him on whose grounds it was killed, because it was also started there; this property arising ratione soli. Whereas if, after being started there, it is killed in the grounds of a third person, the property belongs not to the owner of the first ground, because the property is local; nor yet to the owner of the second, because it was not started in his soil; but it vests in the person who started and killed it, though guilty of a trespass against both the owners. See LAWS RESPECTING GAME.

GAMES, in antiquity, were public diversions, exhibited on solemn occasions. Such among the Greeks were the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean, &c. games; and, among the Romans, the Apollinarian, Circensian, Capitoline, &c. games. See APOLLINARIAN, OLYMPIC, PY

THIAN.

GAMES, MODERN, are usually distinguished into those of exercise and address, and those of hazard. To the first belong chess, tennis, billiards, &c.; and to the latter those performed with cards, or dice, as back-gammon, ombre, picquet, whist, &c. See BACK-GAMMON, CARDS, DICE, GAMING, &c.