treating diseases, founded on the principles of Galen, or introduced by Galen.

GALENISTS, or GALENITES, in church history, a branch of Mennonites, who take in several of the opinions of the Socinians, or rather Arians, touching the divinity of our Saviour. In 1664 the Waterlandians divided into two parties, of which the one were called Galenists, from their leader Abraham Galenus, a learned and eloquent physician of Amsterdam, and the other Apostolians.

GALEOPSIS, in botany, a genus of the angiospermia order, and didynamia class of plants; natural order forty-second, verticillata. The upper lip of the corolla is a little crenated or arched; the under lip more than bidentate. Species four, all indigenous to our own cornfields.

GALEOTI (Martio), secretary to Matthias, king of Hungary, tutor to his son John, and librarian at Buda, was born at Narni in Italy. He published a work entitled, De Homine Interiore et de Corpore ejus, in 4to, and a collection of bons mots of king Matthias. Being invited by Louis XI. of France, to his court, he went to Lyons, but meeting the king unexpectedly, he, in descending hastily to pay his respects to the monarch, fell, and, being very corpulent, was so much hurt, that he died soon after.

GALERICULATE, adj. Lat. galerus. Covered as with a hat.

GALERICULUM, in Roman antiquity, a cap worn both by men and women, consisting of skin so neatly dressed with hair, that the artificial covering could scarcely be distinguished from the natural. They were used by those whose hair was thin; and by wrestlers, to keep their own hair from receiving any injury from the oils with which they were rubbed before they

exercised.

GALGACUS, the name given by Tacitus, and other Roman historians, to the king of Scots, who opposed Agricola, called by Buchanan, and our other Scots historians, Corbredus Galdus.

GALIANI (Ferdinand), an Italian ecclesiastic and writer, was born at Naples in 1720. His uncle, was archbishop and almoner to the king, and took care of his education. At the age of twenty, he wrote some popular verses on the death of the public executioner, in ridicule of the custom, then universal, of celebrating the memory of opulent persons, by eulogies. Not long after this, Benedict XIV. desiring Galiani's uncle to send him some of the stones thrown up by Mount Vesuvius, the archbishop entrusted the commission to his nephew, who wrote in the box, Si filius Dei es, fac ut lapides isti pages fiant. For this piece of wit, the pope, it is said, gave him an abbey worth £700 a-year. In 1750 he published his Tractata della Moneta, which was followed by An Essay on the Commerce of Corn, printed at Paris, where he resided with the Neapolitan ambassador. On his return to Rome he was appointed a counsellor in the tribunal of commerce, and died in 1789. Besides the above works, he wrote a Treatise on the Neapolitan language, and another on the Armed Neutrality.

GALICIA, or GALLICIA, an important province of Spain, forming the north-west angle of

that country. It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic, on the east by Asturia and Leon, and on the south by the Portuguese provinces of Tras-los-Montes and Entre-douro-éMinho. Its mean extent is about forty-six leagues from north to south, and 140 league. from east to west, having a territorial area of 16,746 square miles, and upwards of 1,000,000 inhabitants. It lies between 6° 37′ and 9o 13 W. long., and 40° 56′ and 43° 46′ N. lat.

Galicia has the title of a kingdom, and is divided into seven districts or provinces. The prin cipal towns are Compostella, Corunna, Lugo, Tuy, Orense, Finisterre, Vigo, &c. &c. Its capital is generally said to be Compostella in San-Jago; but Corunna has also been regarded as such. It has an archbishopric (San_Jago), and a university; four bishoprics, Tuy, Orense, Mondonnedo, and Lugo; five cathedral and five collegiate chapters, several abbeys of Benedictines and Bernardines, two commanderies of religious orders, seven cities, 3683 parishes, and ninety-eight religious houses. This pro vince has 100 leagues of coast, and its ports are numerous, both on the north and western ocean; but they in general are small. Those that deserve notice are, Maria, Corcuvion, Bayona, Pontevedra, Muroz, Guardia, Vigo, Corunna, Ferrol, Santa Marta, Vivero, Ribadeo, &c.

The climate of Galicia is mild upon the coast, and cold in the interior, which is exposed to winds and heavy rains. It is considered the most populous province in Spain, and is, in general, very mountainous, and well wooded, but intersected with beautiful valleys, and small plains. A chain of mountains proceeds from the Pyrenees near Roncevallos, between Biscay and Navarre, directing its course to the northwest, and leaving on its right the Asturias, penetrating by Leon into Galicia, which it traverses, and continues till it is stopped by the sea, after forming Cape Finisterre. The mountains of this branch have different names; the most considerable of which is the Sierra de Mondonnedo, of great extent, occupying the whole extremity of the north-east of Galicia towards Asturia, and proceeding to the north as far as Cape Ortegal, and to the west as far as the Atlantic.

Its chief rivers are the Eo, or Rio de Miranda, which separates it from Asturias, and, after pursuing a course of twenty-four leagues from south-east to the north, falls into the Northern Ocean above Ribadeo in Galicia, and Castropol in Asturia; the Ulla or Ilia, which has a course of twenty-three leagues from the north-east to the south-west; the Tambra, or Tamaris, which gives the name of Tamaricians to the peopl who occupy its banks, pursuing a course of twenty leagues from the north-east to the soulwest; the Mandeo, whose course is sixtee leagues, from the east to the north-east; the Minho, which rises in the east of the Sierra Mondonnedo, and after receiving several trib tary streams, and separating Galicia from Po tugal, in a course of about fifty-two leagues, first from north to south and then to the south-wes falls into the ocean near the port of Guardia: the Sil, which rises in the mountains to the west of Leon, and after a course of thirty-three

leagues falls into the Minho. In this province they reckon seventy rivers of some size.

Galicia was formerly celebrated for its mines: those that are now chiefly known are copper, lead, and tin. White marble and jasper are found between Corunna and Betanzos, as well as marcasite, vitriol, sulphur, &c. These mountains also furnish excellent timber. Galicia likewise abounds in mineral waters, and game. Maize, wheat, oats, millet, hemp, flax, lemons, and other fruit, with some wine, are its chief products. Fine oak, walnut, chestnut, and hazle trees abound, and the inhabitants rear many horned cattle, mules, asses, hogs, and poultry. Every farmer keeps a flock of sheep and goats in proportion to the extent of his land; and the Galicians are deemed laborious in the culture of their soil, and their general attention to agriculture. But they are not much addicted to the mechanical arts or to commerce. There are, however, manufactories of woollen stuffs, coarse cloths and hosiery at Lugo; of ropes and sailcloth at Ferrol and Corunna; of linen at Tuy, and of silk in the territory of Montforte, in the county of Lamos. Yet, on the whole, Galicia is, with regard to manufactories, the least enterprising part of Spain, and its natives are so frequently engaged in servile employment in the other parts of the country, and are so accustomed to ill treatment, that it has given rise to a proverb common in the neighbouring provinces, he has treated me like a Gallego.' They are said, however, to be not deficient in manly courage and spirit, and the temper evinced by them at home is often indicative of energy and elevation of character.

Its coasts and rivers are plentifully supplied with all kinds of fish. The exports are cattle, fish, and the cloth it manufactures. They also send, to other provinces of Spain, table-linen, skins, hides and leather, hats, tapes, knit stockings, wool and wine. The importations from the English, French, and Dutch, are received at Vigo, and the exportations sent generally from the port of Corunna. See CORUNNA.

This country took its name from its ancient inhabitants, the Callæci, and was constituted a kingdom in the year 1060 by Ferdinand the Great, of Castile, who gave this province to his son Don Garcias. Till the reign of Ferdinand V. and Isabella, however, the inhabitants paid little respect to the royal authority, and the nobility exercised a feudal sovereignty in their own territories, conniving at the pillage of strangers. The ancient inhabitants are celebrated in history for their exploits in war and hunting, and fishing. Their wives ploughed the land, sowed, gathered the harvest, and took care of their families. The traveller, at present, finds in the mountains of Galicia simple and pure manners, and a quiet and very hospitable people, personally of good size, muscular, and robust: the women are fair and handsome, with black hair and eyes, and fine and regular teeth, but not very expressive features. Men, women, and children go barefoot. The Galicians were the first poets of Spain, and they composed and sung verses before the descent of the Romans. The

present language is a mixture of the ancient Castilian and Portuguese.

GALICIA, an extensive province of Austrian Poland, bounded on the north by Poland Proper, or the new kingdom of that name, on the east by Russia, on the south by Moldavia, Transylvania and Hungary, and on the west by Austrian Silesia. It lies between 18° 35′ and 26° 50′ of E. long., and 47° 50′ and 50° 45′ of N. lat., containing 32,521 square miles, and, including the adjacent province of the Bukowine, about 3,750,000 inhabitants.

With the exception of some branches of the Carpathians, towards the south, Galicia contains no mountains. It is watered by the Vistula, the Dniester, Dunajez, the San, and the Wisloka, besides other smaller streams; and ponds are numerous throughout the country. The climate is warm, and the soil in general very fertile, but the agriculture is in a very low state; still a considerable quantity of corn is exported. The other products are flax, rapeseed, and fruit, including grapes; but no good wine is made here. The horses are esteemed for their hardiness and swiftness, and black cattle are an article of export. By an authentic statement delivered to the imperial chambers of commerce at Vienna, in 1813, the stock of oxen, cows, and horses, was thus taken :

In the woods are wolves, bears, buffaloes, and game of all kinds; the beaver too is indigenous here, particularly in the neighbourhood of Grodek, and on the banks of the Bog. The cochineal insect is also found in Galicia, and gold is procured in small quantities from the sand of the Bistricza. Petroleum, flints of an excellent quality, and mineral waters, are found in different parts of the country; the mountains also contain iron ore, but the most important mineral production is salt, which exists in almost every hill, and is either used as dug from the mines, or as prepared by evaporation. The quantity annually produced is about 200,000 tons.

The character, manners, and language, of the Galicians differ little from those of the Poles in general except toward the east, where Russian is used. Although servitude has been of late abolished by the Austrian government, the habits consequent on that state of society will long remain; and the only difference as yet produced, has been to transfer the rod from the hand of the master to that of a magistrate or his deputy. Idleness is the bane of the country. The cottages of the peasantry are most wretched, and manufactures are almost unknown. The little inland commerce is in the hands of the Jews; but the property of land in the nobility. The distance from the sea-coast is a great impediment to the export of corn; but the level nature of the country is favorable to navigation; the boats used, draw little water, and the roads are generally good.

During the middle ages, Galicz and Wlodimir were two independent duchies of limited extent, occupying nearly the site of the present

Galicia. From the twelfth to the end of the fourteenth century they belonged to the kingdom of Hungary, but came at the last period, by marriage, to the crown of Poland. Still the kings of Hungary, however, retained the title and arms of the duchies; and at the partition of Poland, in 1772 and 1795, the emperor of Austria resumed, as king of Hungary, these posses sions of his ancestors, together with part of the palatinate of Cracow, Masovia, Chelms, Volhynia, and Podolia, the whole of Sendomir, Lublin, Belcz, and Red Russia. These were formed into a kingdom, under the ancient title of Galicia and Lodomeria; but no division corresponding to the two names took place. The latter is rarely found in maps either of Poland or Austria.

In 1796 the whole was divided into Eastern and Western Galicia, containing a population of nearly 5,000,000. But in 1809 Austria was obliged to make a cession of the chief part of Western Galicia to Russia, and to the newly established duchy of Warsaw; which country has not since been restored to Austria, but now forms part of the kingdom of Poland. In Eastern Galicia, Russia obtained a population of 400,000, in four districts or circles; but these were restored to Austria in 1815. The language used in public proceedings is German, and the state religion of Galicia Catholic, but the number of Greek parishes is double that of the Catholic. There is an archbishop of each religion resident at Lemberg, as well as a Lutheran superintendant. The Jews in 1817 were 422,000 in number.

Galicia now bears the title of kingdom, and is governed by a viceroy, who resides at Lemberg, which is also the meeting place of the diet, and the seat of the higher courts of law. The whole kingdom is divided into eighteen circles, and produces £1,200,000 of revenue. In 1817 a constitution was published, and a representative government established. The states consist of deputies from the clergy, the nobles, the knights, and the royal towns. The deputies receive a fixed salary from the state. Of the towns, Lemberg is the only one of magnitude, and the only one which as yet sends deputies. The others are Halicz or Galitsch (which gave name to the province), Brody, Przemysl, Jaroslow, Stanislawow, Tarnopol, and Czernowitz. The last is the capital of the Bukowine.

GALICIA, or GUADALAXARA. See GUADA

LAXARA.

GALILEE, in ancient geography, a province of Judea, bounded by mount Lebanon on the north, by the Jordan and the sea of Galilee on the east, by the Chison on the south, and by the Mediterranean on the west. It was the scene of many of our Saviour's miracles; but the bounds of the country are not now well known, nor the places where many of the towns stood. It belongs to the Turks.

GALILEANS, a sect of the Jews. Their founder was one Judas, a native of Galilee, who, esteeming it an indignity to the Jews to pay tribute to strangers, raised up his countrymen against the edict of Augustus, which had ordered a taxation of all the subjects of the Roman em

pire. They insisted that God alone should be owned as Lord. In other respects they were of the opinion of the Pharisees; but, as they judged it unlawful to pray for infidel princes, they sepa rated from the rest of the Jews, and performed their sacrifices apart. As our Saviour was supposed to be a native of Galilee, and his apostles were mostly Galileans, they were suspected to be of this sect; and it was on this principle, as St. Jerome observes, that the Pharisees laid a snare for him, by asking, whether it was lawful to give tribute to Cæsar; that, in case he denied it, they might nave an occasion of accusing him.

GALILEO (Galilei), the famous mathematician and astronomer, was the son of a Florentine nobleman, and born in 1564. He was designed by his father for the profession of medicine, but had from his infancy a strong inclination to philosophy and the mathematics; and made great progress in these sciences. In 1592 he was chosen professor of mathematics at Padua; and during his abode there invented the telescope; or, according to others, improved that instrument, so as to make it fit for astronomical observations. In 1611 Cosmo II., grand duke of Tuscany, sent for him to Pisa, where he made him professor of mathematics, with a handsome salary; and soon after inviting him to Florence, gave him the office and title of principal philosopher and mathematician to his highness. Ile had been but a few years in Florence, before he was convinced, that Aristotle's doctrine, however ill-grounded, was held too sacred to be called in question. Having observed, however, some solar spots in 1612, he printed a tract on the subject in 1613 at Rome, in which, and in some other pieces, he ventured to assert the truth of the Copernican system. For these he was cited before the inquisition; and, after some months' imprisonment, was released upon a simple promise, that he would renounce his heretical opinions, and not defend them by word or writing. But having, in 1632, published at Florence his Dialogues of the two greatest systems of the world, the Ptolemaic and Copernican, he was again cited before the inqui sition, and committed to the prison of that court at Rome. On June 22d, N. S. 1632, the congregation was convened, and in his presence pronounced sentence against him and his books, obliging him to abjure his errors in the most solemn manner; committed him to the prison of their office during pleasure; and enjoining him, as a saving penance, for three years, to repeat once a-week the seven penitential psalms. This sentence Pope Urban VIII. mitigated, by confining him in the palace of the Medici at Rome, and finally to his own country-house in the vicinity of Florence, where he spent the remainder of his days. Devoting himself, in this retreat, during eight years, to the perfecting of his telescope, until by continued application, and the effects of the night air, he became blind three years before his death. This event took place in January 1642, in the seventy-eighth year of his age.

Among various useful inventions, of which Galileo was the author, is that of the simple pendulum, which he had made use of in his astronomica! observations, and which his natural