be taken out and stretched. This done, the cloth is immediately returned into the same trough, without any new soap, and there fulled two hours more. Then taking it out, they wring it well, to express all the grease and filth. After the second fulling, the remainder of the soap is dissolved as in the former, and cast four different times on the cloth; remembering to take out the cloth every two hours, to stretch it, and undo the plaits and wrinkles it has acquired in the trough. When they perceive it sufficiently fulled, and brought to the quality and thickness required, they scour it for good in hot weather, keeping it in the trough till it be quite clean. As to white cloths, as these full more easily and in less time than colored ones, a third part of the soap may be spared.

FULLING OF STOCKINGS, CAPS, &c., should be performed somewhat differently; viz. either with the feet or the hands; or a kind of rack or wooden machine, either armed with teeth of the same matter, or else horses' or bullocks' teeth. The ingredients made use of herein are, urine, green soap, white soap, and fullers' earth. But the urine is also reckoned prejudicial here. Woven stockings, &c., should be fulled with soap alone: for those that are knit, earth may be used with the soap. Indeed it is common to full these kinds of works with the mill, after the usual manner of cloth, &c. But that is too coarse and violent a method, and apt to damage the work, unless it be very strong.

FULL-EY'ED, adj. Full and eye. Having large prominent eyes.

FULL-FED, adj. Full and fed. Sated; fat; saginated.

All as a partridge plump, full-fed, and fair, She formed this image of well bodied air. Pope. FULL-LA'DEN, adj. Full and laden. Laden till there can be no more added.

It were unfit that so excellent a reward as the Gos

pel promises should stoop down, like fruit upon a fullladen bough, to be plucked by every idle and wanton hand. Tillotson.

FULLO (Peter), an heretical bishop of Antioch, in the fifth century, who embraced the Eutychian heresy, to which he added, that all the persons in the Trinity suffered on the cross; whence his followers were styled Theopaschatites. He usurped the see of Antioch from Martyrius in 471, for which he was afterwards deposed, but the emperor Zeno restored him. He died in 486.

FULL-SPREAD, adj. Full and spread. Spread to the utmost extent.

How easy 'tis, when destiny proves kind,
With full-spread sails to run before the wind;
But those that 'gainst stiff gales laveering go,
Must be at once resolved and skilful too.

Dryden. FULL-SU'MMED, adj. Full and summed· Complete in all its parts.

The cedar stretched forth its branches, and the king of birds nested within its leaves, thick feathered, and with full-summed wings fastening his talons East and West; but now the eagle is become half naked. Howel's Vocal Forest.

FULMEN, in mythology, the thunderbolt or weapon which Uranus presented to Jupiter for having delivered him from captivity, and which, according to Virgil, was forged by the Cyclops, The fulmen in the hand of Jupiter was repre sented in three different ways. The first is a sort of wreath of flames in a conical shape, resembling the stone commonly called a thunderbolt. Tas was adapted to Jupiter when mild and calm, and was held down in his hand. The second is a similar figure, with two transverse darts of ligtsning, or sometimes wings, and was given to Lim when in the attitude of punishing. The third is a handful of radiating flames, which Jupiter held up, when in the act of inflicting some exemplar punishment. The Jupiter Tonans is represented on antique medals, as holding up the triple-forked fulmen, and standing in a quadriga thundering with his rapid coursers, and throwing the fulmen out of his hand, which darts at the same time out of the clouds beneath him. On a gem in the Florentine Gallery Jupiter is represented driving his chariot against one of the giants, and grasping the fulmen as ready to dart it at his head

The fulmen is also given to the eagle of Jupiter, who grasps it in his claws, and uses it in a similar manner to the thunderer himself. Minerva is also so armed on a medal of Syracuse, and, according to Virgil, she used it against Ajax the son of Oïleus for having ravished Cassandra in her temple on his return homeward from Troy.

There is a figure of Jupiter in Buonarotti's collection at Florence, holding up the three forked boit as just ready to dart at some guilty wretch; but with the conical body of the fulmen lying under his feet, as of no use in cases 4 severity.

FULMINATE, v. a. & v. n.
FULMINANT, adj.
FULMINATION, n. s.
FULMINATORY, adj.

Fr. fulminer; Latin, fulmine To thunder; to denounce and

curse: the one is the prerogative of God, the other the frequent presumption of bigoted, intole rant, and blasphemous man. Fulmination is not only what is usually understood by thunder, but is applied to any loud crack, or rumbling noise, especially to that which accompanies explosion of any kind.

I cannot fulminate nor tonitruate words To puzzle intellects; my ninth lap affords No Lycophronian baskins.

Thomas Randolph.

As excommunication is not greatly regarded here in England, as now fulminated; so this constitu tion is out of use among us in a great measure.

Ayliffe. The fulminations from the vatican were turned into ridicule. Id. Parergen. Whilst it was in fusion we cast into it a live coal, which presently kindled it, and made it boil and flash for a pretty while; after which we cast in another glowing coal, which made it fulminate afresh.

Boyle. In damps one is called the suffocating, and the other the fulminating damp.

Woodward's Natural History. FULMINATING POWDERS. See POWDERS, FUI

MINATING.

FULMINATION, in the Romish canon law, a

the smell; tending to obscenity.

The knotte why that every tale is tolde,
If it be tarried till the luste be colde
Of hem, that han herkened after yore,

The savour passeth, ever the lenger the more,
For fulsumnesse of the prolixitie.

Chaucer. The Squieres Tale. He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes.

Shakspeare. White satyrion is of a dainty smell, if the plant puts forth white flowers only, and those not thin or dry they are commonly of rank and fulsome smell.

Bacon.

FULTA, a town of Bengal, on the eastern bank of the Hoogly or Bhagguarutty River, about twenty-five miles below Calcutta. At this place the English, who escaped the horrors of the black-hole, took refuge on ship-board, in 1756, and continued here for nearly six months, during which they lost a great number of people, from the unhealthiness of the place, and their being much crowded. The anchorage is good here, being protected from the swell of the sea, and the bottom a stiff clay. Good water may also be procured; and there is an excellent market and

inn.

FULTON, Robert, an American engine er, born 1765, died in 1815. He was acquainted with the Duke of Bridgewater and Lord Stanhope, in 1793, he conceived the idea of propelling vessels by steam, obtained patents for a double inclined plane, for mills for sawing marble, for machines for spinning flax and making ropes, and invented a new method of excavating canals and tunnels He projected the first panorama in Paris, invented a scheme of sub-marine warfare, and in 1806, established steam navigation in America, where his character as a machinist and engineer are held in high esteem.

FU'MADO, n. s. Lat. fumus. A smoked

fish.

Fish that serve for the hotter countries, they used at first to fume, by hanging them upon long sticks one by one, drying them with the smoke of a soft and continual fire, from which they purchased the name of fumadoes. Carew.

FUMARIA, fumitory, a genus of the pentandria order, and diadelphia class of plants, natural order twenty-fourth, corydales: CAL. diphyllous: COR. ringent: there are two membranaceous filaments, each of which has three antheræ. There are many different species, all low, shrubby, deciduous and evergreen plants, growing from two to six or seven feet high,

adorned with small simple leaves, and papilio

naceous flowers of different colors. The most remarkable is the

F. Officinalis, or common fumitory. It grows naturally in shady cultivated grounds, and produces spikes of purplish flowers in May and June. It is very juicy, of a bitter taste, without any remarkable smell. Its medical effects are to strengthen the tone of the bowels, and promote

As many farewells as be stars in heaven, With distinct breath and consigned kisses to them, He fumbles up all in one loose adieu.

Id.

Our mechanick theists will have their atoms never once to have fumbled in these their motions, nor to have produced any inept system. Cudworth.

Am not I a friend to help you out? You would have been fumbling half an hour for this excuse. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

His greasy bald-pate choir
Came fumbling o'er the beads, in such an agony
They told 'em false for fear.

FUME, n. s., v. n., & v. a.`
FU'MID, adj.
FUMIDITY, n. s.
FUMIGATE, V. n.
FUMIGATION, n. s.
FU'MINGLY, adv.
FUMOS'ITY, n. s.
FU'MOUS, adj.
FU'MY.

Id.

Fr. fumée; Ita. fumo; Lat. fumus. Literally sınoke, or exhalation of any

kind. It is not

only applied to vapor, and to the volatile parts of

bodies which fly off by heat, but to the rage and passion of the mind when expressed in empty sounding words: to any thing unsubstantial; to idle conceits; vain imaginations. Fumiga. tion is a process of applying aromatic vapor, o` smoke, for the purpose of medication or healing: scents raised by fire are likewise called fumigations. Fumosity is used by Chaucer, and signi fies the flatulent and steamy effect of excessive drinking: that which arises from the stomach thus disordered is denominated fume.

Hir dremes shul not now be told for me: Ful were hir hedes of fumositee, That causeth dreme, of which ther is no charge. Chaucer. The Squieres Tale. This wine of Spaigne crepeth subtilly

In other wines growing faste by,

Of which ther riseth swiche fumositee
That whan a man hath dronken draughtes three,

And weneth that he at home in Chepe,
He is in Spaigne, right at the town of Lepe.

Id. The Pardoneres Tale.

That which we move for our better learning and instruction sake, turneth unto anger and choler in them they grow altogether out of quietness with it;

This is still more

FUMIGATION, in medicine. By the subtle fumes produced by burning certain substances, much benefit or prejudice may be produced, according to the nature of the case, and the constitution on which the effects are to be exerted; as is evident from the palsies produced among metal-gilders, workers in lead-mines, &c.; and also from the benefits received in many cases when the air is impregnated with salutary mate rials. Catarrhs and colds, for instance, are relieved by fumes received with the breath; by the same means expectoration is assisted in the asthma; and even ulcers in the lungs have beca relieved by this method. strongly exemplified by a practice of curing ulcers, and exciting the general action of quicksilver in the system, by enclosing the naked body of the patient in a box fitted to receive the fumes of quicksilver, raised by sprinkling cinnabar upon a red hot iron, or, what is still better, the hydrargyrus præcipitatus cinereus of the Pharmacopei, which, not emitting any sulphureous vapors, proves less inconvenient to the patient. Pearson made a considerable number of experiments with a view to examine into the comparative efficacy of this treatment and the common friction. He found that by fumigating the gums became turgid and tender very quickly, and the local appearances were sooner removed than by the other method; but it sooner brought on debility, rapid and premature salivation, and, of course, could not be steadily continued. This gentleman therefore concludes, that where checking the progress of the disease suddenly is an object of great moment, or where the body is so covered with venereal ulcers that there scarcely remains a surface large enough to absorb the ointment, the vapor of mercury will be advantageous. The vapor of mercury is also singularly efficacious when applied to venereal ulcers, fungi, and excrescences; but this plan requires an equal quantity of mercury to be given internally, as if the local application itself were not a mercuria.

one.

Mr.

made by W. Willurgby, the bowl of which is of cast brass, and is large enough to contain about an ounce and a half of tobacco. The pipe projecting from the lower part of it is bored out of a solid piece of brass, and also those to which each extremity of the leathern tube is affixed. The cover is likewise made of cast brass; from the upper extremity of which projects a neck about an inch and a half in length, the opening or bore of it being about half an inch in diameter. The cover is fixed to the box by means of two notches made on each side of a circular ridge or edge, admitting two ears, that project from the upper part of the box, which by a circular motion lock upon the brim. The nozzle of the bellows is accurately fitted to the neck of the cover, and is about an inch and a half or two inches long; the lower end of the nozzle is rounded and smooth, like the lower extremity of a glyster-pipe, and perforated like a cullender, in order to prevent the ashes of the tobacco from rising into the bellows. The bellows are fastened upon the cover or lid in a manner similar to the preceding; an ear projects from the upper part of the neck, and is admitted into a notch, in a circular rim, upon the nozzle. The pipe, projecting from the lower extremity of the bowl, locks into the cross-pipe to which the leathern tube is affixed, in the manner of a bayonet. By this kind of fastening the whole apparatus may be made ready in the space of a minute, and forms one compact body, free from the hazard of falling in pieces, and thus interrupting the operation; and yet either part may be taken off, when the occasion requires, with the utmost ease and expedition. The bowl is enclosed in a thick case of wood, removable at pleasure, which secures the hand from injury during the whole process.

FUMING LIQUOR, in chemistry. The fuming liquors of Boyle and Libavius have been long known. To prepare the first, which is a hydroguretted sulphuret of ammonia, three parts of lime fallen to powder in the air, one of muriate of ammonia, and one of flowers of sulphur, are to be mixed in a mortar, and distilled with a gentle heat. The yellow liquor, that first comes over, emits fetid fumes. It is followed by a deeper colored fluid that is not fuming.

The fuming liquor of Libavius is made by amalgamating tin with half its weight of mercury, triturating this amalgam with an equal weight of corrosive muriate of mercury, and distilling by a gentle heat. A colorless fluid at first passes over: after this, a thick vapor is thrown out at one single jet with a sort of explosion, which condenses into a transparent liquor, that emits copious, white, heavy, acrid fumes, on exposure to the air. In a closely stopped bottle, no fumes from it are perceptible; but needle-shaped crystals form against the top of the bottle, so as frequently to close the aperture.

Cadet's fuming liquor is prepared by distilling equal parts of acetate of potash and arsenious acid, and receiving the product into glass bodies, kept cool by a mixture of ice and salt. The liquor produced, emits a very dense, heavy, fetid, noxious vapor, and inflames spontaneously in the open air.

FUMITER, n. s. A plant.

FUNAMBULUS, among the Romans, was what we call a rope dancer, and the Greeks schoenobates. At Rome the funambuli first appeared under the consulate of Sulpicius Pæticus and Licinius Stolo, who were the first introducers of the scenic representations. They were first exhibited in the island of the Tyber, and the censors Messala and Cassius afterwards promoted them to the theatre. In the Floralia, or ludi Florales, held under Galba, there were funambulatory elephants, as we are informed by Suetonius. Nero also showed the like, in honor of his mother Agrippina. Vopiscus relates the same of Carinus and Numerianus.

FUNCHAL, or FUNCHIAL, the capital of Madeira, is a large and populous town, situated on the south coast of the island, having four forts, and several fine churches. The bay is large and open, affording at no season convenient anchorage; but extremely dangerous in the winter, when heavy gales from the south-west are common. The beach is composed of large burnt stones, rounded by the action of the sea, and has often a surf on it that renders landing impossible; yet it is the most accessible part of the island. The town extends three-quarters of a mile along the beach, and about half a mile inland; its streets are narrow and crooked, paved with the stones from the beach, or with large masses of rugged lava, disagreeable to the feet. Several small streams, descending from the mountains, run through the town into the bay; but, as the inhabitants throw all their ordure into them, they add little to the cleanliness of the streets. The only handsome houses are those of the English merchants. But there is a curious chapel of sculls, in which those monuments of mortality are symmetrically disposed, after the manner of a similar chapel at Rome. The population is from 12,000 to 15,000.

Funchal is defended, as we have said, by four forts, viz. 1. St. Jago, at the east extremity of the bay, immediately under a steep hill; 2. St. Lorenzo, in which is the government house; 3. Peak Castle, on a hill north-west of the town, half a mile from the shore, and of difficult access on the south, but commanded by another hill; this is, however, the chief fortification, the walls being very high, but without a ditch, and not mounting above twelve guns; 4. The Loo Rock, on which is a fort with numerous cannon, en

barbette, and surrounded by a weak parapet. This rock, the name of which is properly Ilheo, the island, is distant from a rocky point of the bay 120 fathoms, and this narrow channel is 768 fathoms deep; the small craft belonging to the island, in winter, lie under this rock, with a rope fast to it; but, on the first appearance of bad weather, the people quit them and leave them to their fate. 200 paces west of the town is a work 100 paces long, with three small bastions, and a redoubt towards the sea, washed by the waves. The beach is also defended by a long low wall with cannon at intervals, but which could be of very little effect in preventing the landing of troops, did not the surf assist it.

The plantations in the neighbourhood are adorned with a great number of country houses, churches, and monasteries, which, from their elevated site, and in contrast with the white houses of the town, produce a striking and pleasing effect.

The trade of this port consists almost entirely in exporting the wine of the island, which is principally consumed in the British dominions and dependencies; and they export the Madeira not only to Britain, but to the East and West Indies. Ships touching here may obtain water, wine, fruits, and vegetables; but fresh meat and poultry are high, and cannot be obtained without permission of the governor.

FUNCTION, n. s. Lat. functio, is properly the act of discharging, or completing, an office, or business, from Lat. fungor, viz. finem and ago, to put an end to, or bring to a conclusion. It is, in general acceptation, extended to the office it self, or to the thing undertaken. Thus it is not only the single act of an office, but the trade and occupation which the office implies: it signifies, likewise, power and faculty, as applied to any particular part of the body and the office it performs, as well as to the intellectual powers and their operations.

Follow your function; go, and batten on cold bits. Shakspeare. You have paid the heavens your function, and the prisoner the very debt of your calling.

Id. Measure for Measure. Tears in his eyes, distraction in his aspect, A broken voice, and his whole function suiting With forms to his conceit. Id. Hamlet.

Nor was it any policy or obstinacy, or partiality of affection either to the men or their function, which fixed me. King Charles.

Nature seems
In all her functions weary of herself:
My race of glory run, and race of shame;
And I shall shortly be with them that rest.

Milton.

They have several offices and prayers against fire, tempests, and especially for the dead, in which functions they use sacerdotal garments. Stilling fleet. This double function of the goddess gives a considerable light and beauty to the ode which Horace has addressed to her. Addison.

Let not these indignities discourage us from asserting the just privileges and pre-eminence of our holy function and character. Atterbury. The bodies of men, and other animals, are excelently well fitted for life and motion; and the several parts of them well adapted to their particular funcBentley's Sermons.

tions.

Whatever warms the heart, or fills the head, As the mind opens, and its functions spread, Imagination plies her dangerous art,

And pours it all upon the peccant part. Pape. There is hardly a greater difference between two

things than there is between a representing com

moner in the function of his publick calling, and the same person in common life. Swift. I have sworn to die

In full exertion of the functions, which
My country called me here to exercise,
According to my honour and my conscience-
I cannot break my oath.

Byron. The Two Forcari FUNCTION, in the animal economy, is by physicians divided into vital, animal, and natural. FUNCTIONS, ANIMAL. The animal functions perform the motion of the body by the action of the muscles; and this action consists chiefly in the shortening the fleshy fibres, which is called contraction, the principal agents of which are the arteries and nerves distributed in the fleshy fibres. All parts of the body have their own functions, or actions, peculiar to themselves. Life consists in the exercise of these functions, and health in the free and ready exercise of them.

FUNCTIONS, NATURAL, are such as the creature cannot subsist any considerable time without; as the digestion of the aliment, and its conversion into blood.

FUNCTIONS, VITAL, are those necessary to life, and without which the individual cannot subsist; as the motion of the heart, lungs, &c.

FUND, n. s. & v. a. Fr. fond; Lat. funds, a bag. Stock; capital; that by which any expense is supported. Bank of money. To fund is to place money in the funds, either of a company, a corporation, or the public.

He touches the passions more delicately than Ovid. and performs all this out of his own fund, without diving into the arts and sciences for a supply. Dryden.

Part must be left, a fund when foes invade, And part employed to roll the wat❜ry tide. As my estate has been hitherto either tost upon seas, or fluctuating in funds, it is now fixed in substantial acres. Addison

In preaching, no men succeed better than those whe trust entirely to the stock or fund of their own reason, advanced indeed, but not overlaid by commerce with books. Swift.

They have been at a vast expense of time, and pains, and patience, to heap together, and to confrm themselves in a set of wrong notions, which they lay up in their minds as a fund of valuable knowledge.

Mason.

The

FUNDS. Upon this extensive topic, after the various statistical tables, and other elementary matter relating to it, which will be found by our readers in the articles BANK, ENGLAND, and GREAT BRITAIN, we do not propose to enter at much length. It is a topic fer entire volumes, even of more ample extent than ours. principles on which our funding system is constructed and upheld, particularly by what is called the sinking fund; the principal periods of the accumulation of our immense national debt: and the relative advantages and disadvantages of that part of our public policy which has originated and increased it, at the best mode of providing for the national expenditure, are the chief subjects of our enquiry. These will be