FULHAM, a village of Middlesex, four miles from London. The Danes in 869 wintered at this place till they retired to the continent. In William the Conqueror's time it was held of the king by the canons of St. Paul's; and there is an ancient house in it, which is moated about, and belongs to the see of London, whose bishop has a palace here, and the demesne has belonged to that diocese from 1067. From this place to Putney there is a wooden bridge over the Thames, where not only horses, coaches, and all carriages, but even foot passengers, pay toll. The church here is both a rectory and a vi

carage.

FULICA, in ornithology, the gallinule and coot, a genus of birds of the order of grallæ. The bill convex: the upper mandible fornicated over the lower at the edge; the lower mandible is gibbous behind the tip. The forehead is bald; and the feet have four toes, subpinnated. There are twenty-five species; eighteen of which belong to the gallinule division, distinguished by having the toes furnished with broad scalloped membranes; and seven comprehend the coots which have the toes divided to their origin. The following are among the most remarkable:

F. aterrima, the greater coot, is of a larger size than the common coot, and its plumage is blacker. This species is found in Lancashire and Scotland; but is more plentiful on the continent, being found in Russia, and the west of Siberia very common; also at Sologne and the neighbouring parts, where they call it judelle. Its flesh is much esteemed.

F. atra, the common coot, has a bald forehead, a black body and lobated toes; and is about fifteen inches long. They frequent lakes and still rivers; making their nests among the rushes, with grass, reeds, &c., floating on the water, so as to rise and fall with it. They lay five or six large eggs, of a dirty whitish hue, sprinkled over with minute deep rust-colored spots; and it is said, that they will lay fourteen or more. The young when just hatched are very deformed, and the head mixed with a red coarse down. In winter they often repair to the sea, and the channel near Southampton is sometimes observed almost covered with them. They are often brought to that market, where they are exposed to sale without their feathers, and scalded like pigs. This species is not numerous, for vast numbers fall a prey while young to the buzzards, which frequent the marshes. Their food is small fish and water

insects; but they sometimes eat the roots of the bulrush, and with it feed their young; they are said likewise to eat grain. This species is supposed to extend throughout the old continent, and perhaps the new also. It inhabits Greenland, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Siberia, Persia, China, and many of the intermediate parts. It is also met with in Jamaica, Carolina, and other parts of North America. The Indians about Niagara dress the skins, and use them for pouches. They are called in Carolina, flus

terers.

F. chloropus, the common gallinule, is in length about fourteen inches, and has a bald forehead and broad flat toes. It gets its food on grassy banks, and borders near fresh waters, and

in the very waters, if they be weedy. It builds upon low trees and shrubs by the water side; breeding twice or thrice in a summer; and, when the young are grown up, drives them away to shift for themselves. The hen lays seven eggs of a dirty white, thinly spotted with rust color. The gallinule strikes with its bill, and in spring has a shrill call. In flying, it hangs down its legs; and in running, it often flirts up its tail, and shows the white feathers. The bottoms of its toes are so very flat and broad (to enable it to swim) that it seems to be the species which connects the cloven-footed aquatics with the fin-toed. It is pretty common on the continent, and inhabits America, from New York to Carolina; as well as Jamaica and other islands in the West Indies. It feeds on plants and small fish, and the flesh is pretty good.

F. porphyrio, the purple gallinule, is about the size of a fowl, or seventeen inches in length. The bill is an inch and a half long, and of a deep red color. The forehead is bare and red; the head and hind part of the neck are glossy violet; the legs are very stout, and of the color of the bill. This species is more or less common in all the warmer parts of the globe. On the coasts of Barbary they abound, as well as in some of the islands of the Mediterranean. In Sicily they are bred in plenty, and kept for their beauty. They are often met with in the south of Russia and west of Siberia, among reedy places; and near the Caspian Sea; but in the cultivated rice grounds of Ghilar, in Persia, they are in great plenty and high plumage. The female makes the nest among the reeds in the middle of March; lays three or four eggs, and sits from three to four weeks. That they are common in China, the Chinese paper hangings testify. They are also met with in the East Indies, the island of Java, Madagascar, &c. They are also common in South America. They are very docile, easily tamed, and feed with the poultry; scratching the ground with their feet, like our cocks and hens. They feed on fruits, roots, and grain, but eat fish with avidity, dipping them in the water before swallowing. They often stand on one leg, and lift the food to their mouths with the other. A pair of them, kept in an aviary in France, made a nest of small sticks mixed with a quantity of straw, and laid six white eggs, perfectly round; but the hen was careless of them, and they produced nothing. The flesh is said to be exquisite.

FULIG'INOUS, adj. Fr. fuligineux-se; Lat. fuliginosus. Sooty; smoky.

Burrage hath an excellent spirit to repress the fuliginous vapours of dusky melancholy, and so cure

madness.

Bacon.

FULK (William), D. D., an eminent English divine, born at London, in the sixteenth century. He was patronised by the earl of Leicester, who, in 1571, presented him to the livings of Warley and Diddington. He attended Leicester, when he went ambassador to France; and on his return was made master of Pembroke-hall, and Margaret professor of divinity in Cambridge. His works are very numerous, and chiefly against the Papists; the most noted is his Comment on the Rhemish New Testament. He died in 1589.

FULL, adj., n. s. & adv. FULLY, adv.

FULNESS, n. s.

Sax. Fulle; Goth. full; Teut. ful; Belg. Svol; perhaps of Gr. AEOS, TAEOC. Replete; without vacuity; leaving no space void: stored; well supplied: plump; fat; saturated; complete; without abatement; strong; not faint; not attenuated; mature; perfect: applied to the moon when complete in its orb: spread to view in all dimensions. The idea of fulness is plenitude, and is used either in the proper sense to express the state of objects that are full, or in the improper sense to express great quantity, which is the accompaniment of fulness. See Crabb. Full is much used in composition, instances of which immediately follow the illustrations of this adjective and its deri

Eccl. iv. 6.

Isaiah. Psalms.

The trees of the Lord are full of sap.
Alone I stande full sorie and full sad,
Which hoped for to see my Lorde and Kyng:
Small cause have I to be merie or glad
Remembryng this bitterful departyng.

Chaucer. Lament of Mary Magdeleine.

Full wos the fest of deinties and richesse, Of instrumentes, of song, and of gladnesse.

Id. The Legende of Good Women. This markis yet his wif to tempten more,― To the uttereste prefe of hire corage Fully to have experience and lore,

If that she were as stedfast as before;

He on a day in open audience,

Ful boisteresly, hath said hire this sentence.
Id. The Clerkes Tale.

Tell me why on your shield, so goodly scored,
Bear
ye the picture of that lady's head?
Full lively is the semblant, though the substance dead.
Spenser.

There are many graces for which we may not cease hourly to sue, graces which are in bestowing always, but never come to be fully had in this present life; and therefore, when all things here have an end, endiess thanks must have their beginning in a state which bringeth the full and final satisfaction of all such perpetual desires. Hooker.

The swan's down feather,
That stands upon the swell at full of tide,
Neither way inclines.

Shakspeare. Antony and Cleopatra,
He is the half part of a blessed man,
Left to be finished by such as she;
And she a fair divided excellence,
Whose fulness of perfection lies in him.
Shakspears.

The king hath won, and hath sent out A speedy power to encounter you, my lord: This is the news at full. Id. Henry IV. But what at full I know, thou knowest no part; I knowing all my peril, thou no art. Shakspeare. When we return,

We'll see those things affected to the full. clamations and applauses of the people as he went, The king set forwards to London, receiving the atwhich indeed were true and unfeigned, as might well

appear in the very demonstration and fulness of the cry. Bacon's Henry VII. Barrels placed under the floor of a chamber, make all noises in the same more full and resounding. Id. Natural History, Brains in rabbits, woodcocks, and calves, are fulles in the full of the moon. id. The alteration of scenes feeds and relieves the eye, before it be full of the same object.

Bac Followers, who make themselves as trumpets of the commendation of those they follow, are full of inconve nience; they taint business through want of secrecy. and export honour from a man, and make him a returs in envy. Id.

To the houses I wished nothing more than safety, fulness, and freedom, King Charles.

I need not instance in the habitual intemperance of rich tables, nor the evil accidents and effects of fuinea, pride and lust, wantonness and softness,

Taylor's Rule of Holy Living. Where my expressions are not so full as his, either our language on my art were defective; but where mine are fuller than his, they are but the impressions which the often reading of him have left upon my thoughts. Denham.

That must be our cure,

Full counsel must mature.
Then all thy saints assembled, thou shalt judge
Bad men and angels; they arraigned shall sink
Beneath thy sentence; Hell her numbers full
Thenceforth shall be for ever shut.

Id. Paradise Lost. Therewith he ended, making a full point of a heart sigh. Sidney With pretence from Strephon her to guard, He met her full, but full of warefulness. Your enjoyments are so complete, I turn wishes inc congratulations, and congratulating their fulness only wish their continuance. South

Id.

The most judicious writer is sometimes mistakes after all his care; but the hasty critick, who judges un a view, is full as liable to be deceived. Dryas

having his opposition to encounter. At that time his state of health, though not good, was such as suggested a hope that the event was very distant which we all deplore. Having been led to mention this affecting circumstance, I cannot refrain from expressing in a few words the sentiments of affectionate veneration with which I always regarded that excellent person while living, and cherish his memory now that he is no more; a man, whose sagacity enabled him to penetrate to the depths of every subject he explored, whose conceptions were so powerful and luminous, that what was recondite and original appeared familiar; what was intricate, easy and perspicuous in his hands; equally successful in enforcing the practical, in stating the theoretical, and discussing the polemical branches of theology: without the advantage of early education, he rose to high distinction amongst the religious writers of his day, and, in the midst of a most active and laborious life, left monuments of his piety and genius which will survive to distant posterity. Were I making his eulogium, I should necessarily dwell on the spotless integrity of his private life, his fidelity in friendship, his neglect of self-interest, his ardent attachment to truth, and especially the series of unceasing labors and exertions, in superintending the mission to India, to which he most probably fell a victim. He had nothing feeble or undecisive in his character, but, to every undertaking in which he engaged, he brought all the powers of his understanding, all the energies of his heart; and if he were less distinguished by the comprehension, than the acumen and solidity of his thoughts; less eminent for the gentler graces, than for stern integrity and native grandeur of mind, we have only to remember the necessary limitations of human excellence. While he endeared himself to his denomination by a long course of most useful labor, by his excellent works on the Socinian and Deistical controversies, as well as his devotion to the cause of missions, he laid the world under lasting obligations.' Mr. Fuller died at Kettering in 1815.

FULLER (Nicholas), prebendary of Salisbury, a learned English critic, who published, in 1617, Miscellanea Theologica in four books, and after wards two more of Miscellanea Sacra. He died in 1623, and there are some MSS. of his remaining in the Bodleian library.

FULLER (Thomas), D.D., a learned English historian and divine, born at Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, in 1608. He studied at Cambridge, and was chosen minister of St. Bennet's. In his twenty-third year his merit procured him a fellowship in Sidney College, and prebend in Salisbury cathedral. He was afterwards appointed rector of Broad Windsor, and lecturer of the Savoy in London; but, upon the pressing of the covenant, he retired to Oxford, and soon after accompanied Hopton as his chaplain in the army, which he attended in their marches. Upon the Restoration, he recovered his prebend, was appointed chaplain extraordinary to Charles II., and created D.D. His memory was so excellent that he could repeat a sermon if he heard t but once. He wrote, 1. History of the Holy War. 2. The Church History of Britain, in

folio. 3. Andronicus, or the Unfortune Poltician, in 8vo. 4. A Pisgah sight of Palestine. 5. A History of English Worthies; and othe works. He died in August, 1661. He was fond of punning: but once, attempting to play off a joke upon a gentleman named Sparrowhawk, met with the following retort: "What s the difference, said the Dr. (who was very cor pulent) between an owl and a sparrowhawk? It is,' replied the other, fuller in the heal fuller in the body, and fuller all over." In th Memoirs of Mr. Pepys, recently published that writer says- Jan. 22nd, 1661. I met wa Dr. Thomas Fuller. He tells me of his last and great book that is coming out: that is, t History of all the Families in England; and could tell me more of my owne than I knew myself. And also to what perfection he hath now brought the art of memory; that he did lately, to four eminently great scholars, dictate together in the Latin upon different subjects of their proposing, faster than they were able to write, till they were tired; and that the best way of beginning a sentence, if a man should be out and forget his last sentence (which he never was), that then his last refuge is to begin with an utcunque.'. His Worthies appeared in a new edition, with his life prefixed, in 1810, 2 vols 4to.

FULLERS' EARTH, in natural history, a species of clay, of a grayish ash-colored brown, in ali degrees, from very pale to almost black, and it has generally something of a greenish cast. It is very hard and firm, of a compact texture, of a rough and somewhat dusty surface, that adheres slightly to the tongue. It is very soft to the touch, not staining the hands, nor breaking easily between the fingers. It has a little harsh ness between the teeth, and melts freely in the mouth. Thrown into water, it makes ne ebullition or hissing; but swells gradually in bulk, and falls into a fine soft powder. It makes no effervescence with aquafortis. Bergman has given an accurate account of the fullers' earth of Hampshire; its color is brown, with a scarcely perceptible shade of green, and streaked with pale yellowish veins, with some slaty appear ance. Water boiled on it for half an hour, though filtered, still retains so much of it as to diminish its transparency. In this water the 50lution of marine baro selenite discovers nothing vitriolic; but the solution of silver does indicate some traces of marine acid. If this earth be heated to redness, it blackens; but this blackness vanishes in a higher heat, which shows it to proceed from some vegetable or coaly matter, When heated it slightly decrepitates, and in 3 strong heat forms a brown spongy mass. Heated

with microcosmic salt, it at first effervesces slightly, but afterwards is scarcely acted on; borax corrodes it better, but consumes it slowly. Soda attacks it with considerable effervescence. By his analysis it contains 0.518 silex, 0-25 argill, 0.033 aërated calx, 0·037 calx of iron, 0.007 aërated magnesia, 0·155 moisture, or volatile matter.

Though this earth contains 4 per cent. of substances that should effervesce, yet it does not effervesce with acids; which induces Bergman to think that the calx and magnesia may be chemically combined with the argill, and not merely mechanically mixed as in marls. It melts into a brown spongy scoria before the blowpipe. Its constituents, according to Klaproth, are, 53 silica, 10 alumina, 1.25 magnesia, 0-50 lime, 0-10 muriate of soda, trace of potassa, oxide of iron 9.75, water 24.

In Saxony this earth commonly lies under mould; in England under sandstone or sand, and over sandstone or limestone; in Germany it is often found immediately under the soil. The best is procured from the counties of Surry and Buckingham.

The greatest quantity, and the finest earth of this kind in the world, is dug in the pits at Wavedon, near Woburn in Bedfordshire. The strata in these pits lie thus: from the surface to the depth of six feet, there are several layers of sand, all reddish, but some lighter colored than others. Under these there is a thin stratum of sandstone, which they break through, and then they find the fullers' earth. The upper stratum of this is about a foot thick; the workmen call it cledge, and throw it aside as useless; being commonly fouled with the sand which covered it, and which insinuates itself a good way into it. After this they come to the fine fuller's earth, which lies eight feet deep. The matter of this is divided into several layers, there being commonly about a foot and a half between one horizontal fissure and another. Of these several layers, the upper half, where the earth breaks itself, is tinged red; which seems to be owing to the running of the water upon it from among the sands above; some of which are probably of a ferruginous nature, or have ferruginous matter among them. This reddish fullers' earth the workmen call crop; and between the cledge and this there is a thin stratum of matter, of less than an inch, which in taste, color, and external appearance, resembles the terra Japonica of the shops. The lower half of the strata of fuller's earth they call wall earth. This is untinged with the red color of the other, and seems the most proper for fulling. Under the fullers' earth there is a stratum of white and coarse stone about two feet thick. They seldom dig through this; out if they do, they find more strata of sand. Fullers' earth is of great use in scouring cloths, stuffs, &c., imbibing all the grease and oil used in preparing, dressing, &c., of the wool; for which reason it is made a contraband commodity, and is not to be exported under the penalty of 1s. for every pound weight. See FULLING.

FULLERS' THISTLE, or weed, n. s. Dipsacus. plant.

VOL. IX

corn

FULLING, the art or act of cleansing, scouring, and pressing cloths, stuffs, and stockings, to render them stronger, closer, and firmer: called also milling. Pliny, lib. vii. cap. 56, assures us, that one Nicias, the son of Hermias, was the first inventor of the art of fulling: and it appears by an inscription, quoted by Sir G. Wheeler, in his Travels through Greece, that this Nicias was a governor in Greece in the time of the Romans. The fulling of cloths and other stuffs is performed by a kind of water-mill, thence called a fulling-mill, or scouring-mill. These mills, excepting in what relates to the mill-stones and hopper, are much the same with corn-mills: and there are even some which serve indifferently for either use: being ground, and cloths fulled, by the motion of the same wheel. Whence, in some places, particularly in France, the fullers are called millers; as grinding corn and milling stuffs at the same time. The principal parts of the fullingmill are, the wheel, with its trundle; which gives motion to the tree or spindle, whose teeth communicate it to the pestles or stampers, which are hereby raised and made to fall alternately, according as its teeth catch on or quit a kind of latch in the middle of each pestle. The pestles and troughs are of wood; each trough having at least two, sometimes three pestles, at the discretion of the master, or according to the force of the stream of water. In these troughs are laid the cloths, stuffs, &c., intended to be fulled: then, letting the current of water fall on the wheel, the pestles are successively let fall thereon, and by their weight and velocity stamp and press the stuffs very strongly, which thus become thickened and condensed. In the course of the operation, they sometimes make use of urine, sometimes of fullers' earth, and sometimes of soap. To prepare the stuffs to receive the first impressions of the pestle, they are usually laid in urine; then in fuller's earth and water; and, lastly, in soap dissolved in hot water. Soap alone would do very well; but this is expensive: though fullers earth, in the way of our dressing, is scarcely inferior thereto; but then it must be well cleared of all stones and grittinesses, which are apt to make holes in the stuff. As to urine, it is certainly prejudicial, and ought to be entirely discarded; not so much on account of its ill smell, as of its sharpness and saltness, which qualities are apt to render the stuffs dry and harsh. See CLOTH, WOOLLEN.

The best method of fulling with soap is delivered by M. Colinet, in a memoir on that subject, supported by experiments, made by order of the marquis de Louvois, then superintendant of the arts and manufactories of France. 1. The substance of it is as follows:-A colored cloth, of about forty-five ells, is to be laid in the usual manner, in the trough of a fulling mill; without first soaking it in water, as is commonly practised in many places. To full this trough of cloth, fifteen pounds of soap are required; one half of which is to be melted in two pails of river or spring water, made as hot as the hand can bear it. This solution is to be poured by little and little upon the cloth, in proportion as it is laid in the trough: and thus it is to be fulled for at least two hours; after which it is to 2 X