were convinced of the reality of this inward manifestation; and many meetings were settled.' Laws, made either in the times of popery, or since the Reformation, against non-conformists, served as the means of gratifying the jealousy of the priests, and the intolerance of the magistrates, against our first Friends. Indeed, at the time Friends first attracted public notice, legal pretences were not always thought necessary to justify the abuse which they suffered. It was during the time of the commonwealth, when opposition to a national ministry, which was supposed to be peculiarly reformed, was deemed an offence of no small import. Much personal abuse was accordingly bestowed; imprisonment was common, and corporal punishment frequent. Imprisonment was often rendered more severe and disgusting by the cruelty of particular magistrates, and from the numbers which were confined together; and stripes, under pretence of vagrancy, were inflicted without regard to sex, and on persons of unimpeached character, and of good circumstances in the world.

Cromwell, though he did not employ his authority to put a stop to persecution, gave several friends access to him: persecution however continued; but when Charles II., on the prospect of his restoration, issued from Breda, amongst other things, his declaration for liberty of conscience, it might well have been expected that Friends would be permitted to exercise their religion without molestation. Yet, during this reign, they not only were harassed with the oath of allegiance, which, in common with all oaths, they scrupled to take, and by which they often incurred tedious imprisonment, and not unfrequently premunire; but new laws (16 Car. II. cap. 4.; 22 Car. II. cap. 1.; also 13 & 14 Car. II. cap. 1) were made, by which even their meetings for worship subjected them to punishment. Still the monarch, when he acted independently of the parliament, was the means of affording relief in the most sanguinary persecution which the Friends ever experienced, i. e. that in New-England, where it was made penal for a Friend even to reside.

The first Friends who arrived at Boston were women. These were imprisoned, and otherwise cruelly treated. The date of this transaction is 1656. The following year the scourge was employed, and a woman is also recorded to have been the first who suffered stripes. She was the wife of a tradesman in London, and had made a voyage to Boston, to warn the people against persecution. Great numbers underwent this punishment; but stripes proving insufficient to deter our Friends from the exercise of their religious duty, in going to such places, and performing such services, as they believed to be required by the divine will; it was next attempted to discourage them by a law for cutting off their ears. This was executed in vain; and accordingly the intolerance of the persons in power produced another, which subjected Friends to banishment on pain of death. Their constancy, however, was not thus to be shaker, and four Friends, amongst whom also was a woman, were hanged at Boston.

Ir. 1659 they stated to parliament that

2000 individuals had suffered imprisonment a quakers, and 164 Friends offered themselves a this time by name to the government to be in prisoned in the place of an equal number, whe were, as they conceived, in danger of death from the confinement.

In 1665, 120 quakers were in Newgate, ser tenced to transportation, under an act recently made to prevent and suppress seditious coLventicles.' The masters of ships generally refusing to carry them, an embargo was laid, and it was made a condition of sailing to the Wes Indies, that some quakers should be taken thither by every vessel. A mercenary wretch being at length found for the service, the quakers, unwilling to be active in their own banishment, refused to walk on board, as da also the seamen to hoist them in. By the help of soldiers from the Tower, fifty-five of them were at length shipped. But the master was now in prison for debt; and the ship after seven months' detention quitting the coast was imme diately taken by a Dutchman, and twenty-eight of the prisoners (the remainder having died of the plague) were liberated in Holland and sent home. Other parties of quakers were shore again from different vessels, so that the number which actually reached the West Indies was small.

set on

James II. it is well known, to favor the Catholics, suspended the operation of the penal laws against all dissenters. Our Friends had their share in the benefit arising from this measure; but it was not until the reign of William and Mary, that they obtained some degree of legal protection. Besides their disuse of the nationai forms of worship, their refusing to swear and to pay tithes had been among the principal causes of their sufferings. In the reign of king William an act was made, which, with a few excep tions, allowed to their affirmation the legal force of an oath; and provided a less oppressive mode of recovering tithes, under a stated amount. These provisions were made perpetual in the reign of George I., and thus Friends, who received the advantage of the act of toleration, in common with other dissenters, have been in a great measure relieved from persecution.

In Ireland also the Friends propagated their principles, settled meetings, suffered perse cution and were at length relieved by law.

They regard their persecutions as still not wholly removed, as they are yet liable to suffer in the exchequer, and the ecclesiastical court, under distraint for tithes, militia dues, &c.: but this must be understood only with respect to Great Britain and Ireland; for in America the people at present are not bound to support a national ministry; nor, when this was in some parts the case, were methods of enforcing payment employed, so tedious and so severe, they say, as those which have been sometimes resorted to in England.

It is due to them to add, that the Friends are generally allowed to excel in their morals, their prudence, and industry, and the branches of education which they cultivate. The children of their poor commonly obtain a plain but solid education, by means of which they rise generally

in civil society. They have several excellent establishments for this purpose: the principal of which, situated at Ackworth in Yorkshire, contains, 300 children, of both sexes, and was founded in 1778, at the instance of Dr. Fothergill. But they have few accomplished men in the higher branches of literature and science: of late years, however, many of them have cultivated natural philosophy with success. In its earlier history, the society, including many men of regular scholastic education, who had joined it on principle, had of course the advantage, in point of theological knowledge, over the modern Friends.

We must record, in conclusion, their noble and persevering efforts in modern times, for the accomplishment of the abolition of the slave trade, to which they materially contributed; and their steady support of the Bible Society throughout the country.

FRIESLAND is a name which, in the ancient geography of Europe, comprehended all the country extending northward from the Scheldt to the Weser, including not only the seven united provinces, but a part of Germany. The Zuyder Zee divided it into West and East Friesland. At present this name is confined to two portions of this tract, viz. a Dutch province situated to the west of Groningen, and a German principality, or maritime district, lying eastward of Groningen.

Dutch Friesland has for its boundaries the

Zuyder Zee on the west, and the German Ocean on the north; and contains about 1200 square miles, and 176,500 inhabitants. Its general appearance is that of all the Netherlands: secured against the sea by large old dikes, which were considerably improved in the sixteenth century; and enclosing land much fitter for pasture than tillage. The chief exports are butter and cheese. On the higher grounds wheat and oats are produced; and peas are extensively cultivated. Turf is dug in several parts for fuel; but it is of inferior quality. In the south-east are extensive heaths and woods; and in the south-west a number of small lakes. The chief manufacture is sailcloth and linen, also the coarse woollen · cloth called from this province frieze.

The province is divided into the three districts of Leeuwarden, Sneek, and Heerenveen; Leeuwarden being the capital. It is throughout intersected with canals, which mostly run east and west, connecting Harlingen, Franeker, Leeuwarden, and Dokkum, the chief towns of the province. The Frieslanders are much attached to fishing in general, and many are engaged in the Greenland trade. They are principally Calvinists; part of them, however, are Baptists and Catholics. Their chief peculiarity is the preservation of their ancient dialect, which differs considerably from the Dutch, and much resembles the English.

East or German Friesland borders on Westphalia, and is separated from the Dutch province by Groningen: on the south it has the principality of Munster. Its extent is computed at 1155 square miles, and its population at 120,000. The atmosphere is in general foggy, but not unhealthy; the soil good, and very similar in its

character and productions, as is the whole of this province in its general features and appearance, to those of the preceding one. But here is a strong breed of horses, of which it is reckoned that an annual export of 3000 takes place to France, Italy, and other parts of Europe; horned cattle are likewise exported, together with corn, butter, and cheese. The manufactures are inconsiderable. The inhabitants are generally Calvinists, but in part Catholics and Baptists. Embden, at the mouth of the river Ems, is the chief and almost only sea-port. Along the coast a succession of small islands extends from east

to west.

This principality, once governed by its own counts, became in 1744, on their ancient line becoming extinct, a subject of dispute between Prussia and Hanover: in which the former prevailed; and Prussia held the province until ejected by Napoleon in 1806, when it was first annexed to the kingdom of Holland, and afterwards to the French empire. Regained by Prussia in the peace of 1814, it was soon after ceded to Hanover; and its states now form part of the Hanoverian diet. Aurich is the chief town next to Embden.

FRIESLAND is also the name of a flat tract of land in the duchy of Sleswick and peninsula of South Jutland, on the German Ocean. FRIEZE, n. s. Fr. drap de frise. A FRIEZED, adj. coarse warm cloth, made FRIEZE LIKE, adj. perhaps first in Friesland. Shagged, or napped, after the fashion of this kind of cloth. Resembling it.

If all the world

Should in a pet of temperance feed on pulse,

Drink the clear stream, and nothing wear but friese, The All-giver would be unthanked. Milton.

The captive Germans of gigantic size, Are ranked in order, and are clad in friese. Dryden. He could no more live without his frieze coat than without his skin. Addison's Guardian.

I have seen the figure of Thalia, the comick muse, sometimes with an entire headpiece and a little friezelike tower, running round the edges of the face, and sometimes with a mask for the face only.

Id. on Italy.

See how the double nation lies,
Like a rich coat with skirts of frieze;
As if a man, in making posies,

Should bundle thistles up with roses. Swift.

FRIEZE, In architecture, is a large flat FRIZE. member which separates the architrave from the cornice; of which there are as

many

kinds as orders of columns.

I saw raysde up on yvorie pillowes tall, Whose bases were of richest mettals warke, The chapters alabaster, the fryses christall, The double front of a triumphiall arke: On each side purtraid was a Victorie, Clad like a nymph, that wings of Silver weares, And in triumphant chayre was set on hie, The auncient glory of the Romaine peares. Spenser. Visions of Bellay. No jutting frieze, Buttrice, nor coigne 'vantage, but this bird Hath made his pendant-bed, and procreant cradle. Shakspeare.

mained immoveable as a statue wherever he was placed, and was wholly passive with respect to all that was done to him or about him. During all the time that he was in custody, he neither eat, nor drank, nor slept, nor had any evacuation. Some of his comrades were sent to see him; after that he was visited by some officers of his corps, and by some priests; but he still continued in the same state, without discovering the least signs of sensibility. Promises, entreaties, and threatenings, were equally ineffectual. It was at first suspected, that those appearances were feigned; but these suspicions gave way, when it was known that he took no sustenance, and that the involuntary functions of nature were in a great measure suspended. The physicians concluded that he was in a state of hopeless idiocy; and after some time they knocked off his fetters, and left him at liberty to go whither he would. He received his liberty with the same insensibility that he had shown upon other occasions; he remained fixed and immoveable; his eyes turned wildly here and there without taking cognizance of any object, and the muscles of his face were fallen and fixed like those of a dead body. He passed nineteen days in this condition, without eating or any evacuation, and died on the twentieth day. He had been sometimes heard to fetch deep sighs; and once he rushed with great violence on a soldier, who had a mug of liquor in his hand, forced the mug from him, and having drunk the liquor with great eagerness let the mug drop to the ground. Yet frights have been known to cure, as well as to cause diseases. Mr. Boyle mentions agues, gout, and sciatica thus cured. Among the lu dicrous effects of fear, the following instance, quoted from a French author, shows upon what slight occasions this passion may be sometimes excited in a very high degree. When Charles Gustavus was besieging Prague, a boor of most extraordinary visage desired admittance to his tent; and, being allowed entrance, offered, by way of amusing the king, to devour a whole hog of 100 cwt. in his presence. The old general, Konigsmark, who stood by the king's side, and who, soldier as he was, had not got rid of the prejudices of his childhood, hinted to his royal master that the peasant ought to be burnt as a sorcerer. Sir,' said the fellow, irritated at the remark, 'if your majesty will but make that old gentleman take off his sword and his spurs, I will eat him immediately before I begin the hog.' Konigsmark (who had, at the head of a body of Swedes, performed wonders against the Austrians, and who was looked upon as one of the bravest men of the age) could not stand this proposal, especially as it was accompanied by a most hideous and preternatural expansion of the frightful peasant's jaws. Without uttering a word, the veteran suddenly turned round, ran out of the court, and thought not himself safe until he had arrived at his quarters; where he remained above twenty-four hours locked up securely, before he had got rid of the panic which had so severely affected him. The ingenious Dr. Beattie observes, in his Elements of Moral Science, that fear should not rise higher than to make us attentive and cautious; when it

gains an ascendancy in the mind it becomes an insupportable tyranny, and renders life a burden. The object of fear is evil; and to be exempt from fear, or at least not enslaved to it, gives dignity to our nature, and invigorates all our faculties. Yet there are evils which we ought to fear. Those that arise from ourselves, or which it is in our power to prevent, it would be madness to despise, and audacity not to guard against. External evils, which we cannot prevent, or could not avoid without a breach of duty, it is manly and honorable to bear with fortitude. Insensibility to danger is not fortitude any more than the incapacity of feeling pain can be called patience; and to expose ourselves unnecessarily to evil is worse than folly, and very blameable presumption.

FRIGID, adj. FRIGIDITY, n. s. FRIG'IDLY, adv. FRIG'IDNESS, n. s.

Sti

Lat. frigidus, frigiditas. Cold; wanting warmth. It is usually applied to the human mind, body, and heart; thus it is dull, without fire of fancy, or intellectual energy; impotent; destitute of animal warmth; unaffectionate; not easily moved to friendship or love.

Driving at these as at the highest elegancies, which are but the frigidities of wit.

Browne's Vulgar Errours. The boiling blood of youth hinders that serenity which is necessary to severe intenseness; and the frigidity of decrepit age is as much its enemy, by reaGlanville's Scepsis. son of its dulling moisture.

tolerable, and in the frigid zones the cold would have

In the torrid zone the heat would have been in

destroyed both animals and vegetables.

Cheyne's Philosophic Principles.· Of the two extremes, one would sooner pardon phrenzy than frigidity. Pope.

If justice Philip's costive head

Some frigid rhymes disburses,

Swift.

They shall like Persian tales be read, And glad both babes and nurses. FRIGID ZONE. See ZONE. FRIGORIFIC, adj. Of the same derivation, and signifies causing cold.

Frigorifick atoms or particles mean those nitrous salts which float in the air in cold weather, and occ sion freezing. Quincy.

FRILAZIN, a class or rank of people among the Anglo-Saxons, consisting of those who had been slaves, but had obtained their liberty, either by purchase or otherwise. Though these were in reality freemen, they were not considered as of the same rank and dignity with those who had been born free, but were still in a more dependent condition, either on their former masters of on some new patrons. This custom the AngloSaxons seem to have derived from their ancestors in Germany, among whom those who had been made free did not differ much in point of dignity or importance from those who continued in servitude. This distinction, between those who had been born free and those who enjoy freedom by descent from a long race of freemen, still prevails in many parts of Germany; and particularly in the original seats of the Anglo-Saxons. Many of the inhabitants of towns and cities in England, in that period, seen to have been of this class of men, who were in a kind of middle state between slaves and freemen.