the Roman coins and British bricks often found in it. Stillingfleet and Tanner take it for the Lapis Tituli of Nennius. It was burnt by earl Godwin, and by the French in the reign of Edward III. It had formerly five chuiches, but has now only one. It is a member of the town and port of Dover; and has a weekly market and an annual fair. The houses are mostly of brick, and form three streets, which are narrow, irregular, and badly paved; in a clear day, from this town distinct views of the French coast may be obtained. Folkestone contains three chapels for Baptists, Quakers, and Methodists; also a good charity-school, founded by the celebrated Dr. Harvey, who was a native of this place. It is a prescriptive corporation, and consists of a mayor, twelve jurats, and twenty-four commoncouncil-men, a recorder, town-clerk, and chamberlain. The custom-house has several ridingofficers attached to it, on account of the number of smugglers who frequent the coast. On the heights is a strong battery, and this part of the coast is also defended by three martello towers. It is chiefly noted for the multitude of fishing boats that belong to its harbour, which are employed in the season in catching mackerel for London; to which they are carried by the mackeret boats of London and Barking. About Michaelmas, the Folkstone barks go to the Suf folk and Norfolk coasts, to catch herrings for the merchants of Yarmouth and Lowestoft. It is seven miles south-west of Dover, and seventy-two E. S. E. of London. FOLKMOTE, or FOLCMOTE, Sax. folcgemote, i. e. a meeting of the people, is compounded of folk, the people, and mote, or gemote, to meet; and signified originally, as Somner, in his Saxon Dictionary informs us, a general assembly of the people, to consider of and order matters of the commonwealth. Sir Henry Spelman says, the folcmote was a sort of annual parliament, or convention of the bishops, thanes, aldermen, and freemen upon every May-day yearly; where the laymen were sworn to defend one another and he king, and to preserve the laws of the kingdom; and then consulted of the common safety. But Dr. Brady infers from the laws of the Saxon kings of England, that it was an inferior court, held before the king's reeve or steward, every month, to do folk right, or compose smaller differences, from whence there lay appeal to the superior courts. Manwood mentions folcmote as a court holden in London, wherein all the folk and people of the city did complain of the mayor and aldermen, for misgovernment within the said city. According to Kennet, the folcmote was a common council of all the inhabitants of a city, town, or borough, convened often by sound of bell, to the mote, hall, or house; or it was applied to a larger congress of all the freemen within a county, called the shiremote, where formerly all knights and military tenants did fealty to the king, and elected the annual sheriff on the 1st of October; till this popular election, to avoid tumults and riots, devolved to the king's nomination, anno 1315, 3 Edw. I. "The folc-gemot' says Mr. Turner, is often mentioned in the Saxon laws. It is esta blished for ceap-men, or merchants, that they bring the men that they lead with them before the king's gerefa in the folc-gemot, and say how many of them there be, and that they take these men up with them, that they may bring them again to the folc-gemot, if sued. And when they shall want to have more men with them in their journey, they shall announce it as often as it occurs to the king's gerefa, in the witness of the folc-gemot. "These folc-gemots were ordered not to be held on a Sunday; and if any one disturbed them by a drawn weapon he had to pay a wite of 120s. to the ealdorman. "The following may be considered as proceedings before a folc-gemot. Begmund having unjustly seized some lands of a monastery, wher the ealdorman came to Ely, the offenders wer summoned to the placitum of the citizens and of the hundred, several times, but they never ap peared. The abbot did not desist, but renewe his pleading, both within and without the city, and often made his complaint to the people. At length the ealdorman, coming to Cambridge, held a great placitum of the citizens and hundreds, before twenty-four judges. There the abbot narrated before all, how Begmund had seized his lands, and though summoned had not appeared. They adjudged the land to the abbot, and decreed Begmund to pay the produce of his fishery to the abbot for six years, and to give the king the were; and, if he neglected to pay, they authorised a seizure of his goods.' FOLLICLE, n. s. Lat. folliculus. A cavity in. any body with strong coats. A term in botany, signifying the seed-vessels, capsula seminalis, or case, which some fruits and seeds have over them; as that of the alkengi, pedicularis, &c.—Quincy. Although there be no eminent and circular follicle, no round bag or vesicle, which long containeth this humour; yet is there a manifest receptacle of choler from the liver into the guts. Browne. FOLLICULI are defined by Linnæus to be small glandular vessels distended with air, which appear on the surface of some plants; as at the root of water milfoil, and on the leaves of aldrovanda. In the former, the vessels in question are roundish, with an appearance like two horns; in the latter pot-shaped, and semicircular. FOLLIS, or FOLIS, anciently signified a little bag or purse; whence it came to be used for a sum of money, and very different sums were called by that name: thus the scholiast on the Basilics, mentions a follis of copper which was worth but the twenty-fourth part of the miliarensis; the Glossa Nomicæ, quoted by Gronovius and others, one of 125 miliarenses, and another of 250 denarii, which was the ancient sestertium; and three different sums of eight, four, and two pounds of gold, were each called follis. According to the scholiast, the ounce o silver, which contained five miliarenses of sixty in the pound, was worth 150 folles of copper. The glossographer, describing a follis of 250 denarii, says it was equal to 312 lbs. 6 oz. of copper; and as the denarius of that age was the eighth part of an ounce, an ounce of silver must have been worth 120 ozs. of copper; and, there fore, the scholiast's follis was an ounce of copper, and equal to the glossographer's nummus. But, as Constantine's copper money weighed a quarter of a Roman ounce, the scholiast's follis and the glossographer's nummus contained four of them, as the ancient nummus contained four asses. FOLLOW, v. a. & v. n.) Sax. Folgian; Dut. FOLLOWER, n. s. volgen, from Gr. oλFOLLOWING, a. part. Skog, a trace, or εXw, to draw. It is applied to persons and things, and signifies the going in order, in a trace or line: it is taken literally for the motion of one physical body in relation to another: to follow as in a procession; to go after in point of time, and to the same place, as persons follow each other to the grave: to follow in relation to things is said either simply of the order in which they go, or of such as go by a connexion between them. Follow is used in abstract propositions-as sin and misery follow each other as cause and effect. See Crabbe. It is also used in the sense of imitation; to copy as a pupil; to take up the opinions of others; to be subordinate to them;partizans are followers, hangers on to great men; servants, retinues, are all followers :-busily to pursue an object; to take up any pursuit, and diligently to persevere in it, is to follow. It is often explained as meaning to succeed; to ensue; to pursue; to continue; and to imitate. But these, though they assist us in discovering the sense, are far from being strictly synonymous with this word, or with each other. A better preest I trowe that nowher non is, Chaucer. Prologue to Canterbury Tales. Id. The Knightes Tale. Where Rome keepeth that which is ancienter and better, others, whom we much more affect, leaving it for newer, and changing it for worse, we had rather follow the perfections of them whom we like not, than in defects resemble them whom we love. Hooker. They bound themselves to his laws and obedience; and in case it had been followed upon them, as it should have been, they should have been reduced to perpetual civility. Spenser, Little gallant, you were wont to be a follower; but now you are a leader; whether had you rather lead mine eyes, or eye your master's heels? Shakspeare. Merry Wives of Windsor. Id. King Lear. Ben Jonson. I laugh, when those who at the spear are bold And vent'rous, if that fail them, shrink and fear What yet they know must follow, to endure Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, or pain. Milton. Yet doubt not but in valley and in plain God is as here, and will be found alike Present, and of his presence many a sign Still following thee, still compassing thee round The understanding, that should be eyes to the blind faculty of the will, is blind itself; and so brings all the inconveniences that attend a blind follower, under the conduct of a blind guide. South's Sermons. The true profession of christianity inviolably engages all its followers to do good to all men. Sprat's Sermons. Some pious tears the pitying hero paid, And followed with his eyes the fleeting shade. Dryden's Æneid. And forced Æneas, when his ships were lost, Id. To leave his followers on a foreign coast. We follow fate, which does too fast pursue. Id. To tempt them to do what is neither for their own, nor the good of those under their care, great mischiefs cannot but follow. Locke. Dangerous doctrine must necessarily follow, from making all political power to be nothing else but Adam's paternal power. Fair virtue, should 1 follow thee, Let not the muse then flatter lawless sway, Nor follow fortune where she leads the way. Id. Evelyn. I can't complain whose ancestors are there : Goneis Radulphus eight-and forty manors (If that my memory doth not greatly err) Were their reward for following Billy's banners. Pope. Id. Id. Byron. "What followed?'- A shot laid me on the back, And I became a prisoner to the foe. Id. FOLLY. Fr. folie. See FooL. Folly,' says Crabbe, is the abstract of foolish, and characterises the thing; foolery, the abstract of fool, and characterises the person: it signifies want of understanding; weakness of intellect; criminal weakness, having its source in depravity of mind: an act of negligence, or passion, unbelieving gravity or wisdom: in this sense it has a plural. I say that it is no foutie to chaunge conseil whan the thing is changed, or elles whan the thing semeth otherwise than it semed afore. Chaucer. The Tale of Melibeus. For who my passed follies now pursewes Beginnes his own, and my old fault renewes. Spenser. Hymns. Thinkest thou, that duty should have dread to speak, When power to flattery bows? To plainness honour Is bound, when majesty to folly falls. Shakspeare. Love is blind, and lovers cannot see The pretty follies that themselves commit; For if they could, Cupid himself would blush To see me thus transformed into a boy. He finds, where'er he succour might expect, Confusion, folly, treachery, fear, neglect. Heaven hath timely tried their youth, Their faith, their patience and their true; Id. Marvell. Tired with the busy crowds that all the day Beattie. From the Saxon fandian, to gape; or the German finden, to find or seek. In Scottish it is fon. Chaucer uses fonne in the sense of to doat; to be foolish. It is now applied to the manner of displaying a too vehement and childish attachment, and generally signifies foolish; silly; indiscreet; imprudent; injudicious; foolishly tender; injudiciously indulgent; pleased in too great a degree; foolishly delighted. These senses apply to all the parts of the word fond. FOMENT', v. a. Fr. fomenter; Lat. foFOMENTATION, n. s. mentor. To cherish with FOMENT'ER, n. s. heat; to bathe with warm otions; to encourage; to support; to cherish; to soothe. A fomentation is partial bathing, called also stuping, which is applying hot flannels to any part, dipped in medicated decoc- To covet fetters, though they golden be. Fondness it were, for any, being free, tions, whereby the steams breathe into the parts, and discuss obstructed humors. Fomentation calleth forth the humour by vapours; but yet, in regard of the way made by the poultis, draweth gently the humours out; for it is a gentle fomentation, and hath withal a mixture of some stu. pefactive. Bacon's Natural History. These fatal distempers, as they did much hurt to the body politick at home, being like humours stirred in the natural without evacuation, so did they produce disadvantageous effects abroad; and better had it been that the raisers and fomenters of them had never sprung up. Howel. FOMENTATIONS are usually applied as warm as the patient can bear, in the following manner :— Two flannel cloths are dipped into the heated liquor, one of which is wrung as dry as the necessary speed will admit, then immediately applied to the part affected; it lies on until the heat begins to go off, and the other is in readiness to apply at the instant in which the first is removed: thus these flannels are alternately applied, so as to keep the affected part constantly supplied with them warm. This is continued fifteen or twenty minutes, and repeated two or three times a day. Every intention of relaxing and soothing by fomentations may be answered as well by warm water alone, as when emollients are boiled in it; but when discutients or antiseptics are required, such ingredients must be called in as are adapted to that end. The degree of heat should never exceed that of producing a pleasing sensation: great heat produces effects He was beaten out of all love of learning by a fond school-master. A scham. Spenser. That the Grecians or Gentiles ever did think it a fond or unlikely way to seek men's conversion by sermons, we have not heard. Hooker. How will this fadge? My master loves her dearly; Id. Coriolanus. They err, that either through indulgence to others, or fondness to any sin in themselves, substitute for repentance any thing that is less than a sincere resolution of new obedience, attended with faithful endeavour, and meet fruits of this change. Hammond. Thou see'st How subtly to detain thee I devise, Milton. As we should not be sour, so we ought not to be fond. "Twas not revenge for grieved Apollo's wrong Those ass's ears on Midas' temple hung; But fond repentance of his happy wish. Waller. Arbuthnot's John Bull. Fondly or severely kind. Savage. Even before the fatal engine closed, A wretched sylph too fondly interposed: Some valuing those of their own side or mind, Bred a fondling and an heiress, Id. Swift They are allowed to kiss the child at meeting and parting; but a professor, who always stands by, will not suffer them to use any fondling expressions. Id. Corinna, with that youthful air, Id. Some are so fond to know a great deal at once, and love to talk of things with freedom and boldness stituted a mandarin, with power of governing them independent of the officers of the city This pagod was supported as long as this dynasty lasted; but that of the eastern Tartars, which succeeded, suffered it to fall to ruin. FONSECA (Eleanor, marchioness de), a modern Neapolitan political writer, was born in Naples about 1768, and married the marquis de Fonseca, a Spanish nobleman settled in that city in 1784. She was an attendant on the late queen; English minister, she was dismissed, and forbidbut having given offence to her majesty, and the in her studies, and assisted the celebrated Spalden to appear again at court. She now engaged lanzani in his scientific researches. Temple. before they thoroughly understand them. Watts. This is fond, because it is the way to cheat thyself. Tillotson. Your extreme fondness was perhaps as displeasing to God before, as now your extreme affliction. Dryden. But reason with your fond religion fights; For many gods are many infinites. Fame is in itself a real good, if we may believe Cicero, who was perhaps too fond of it. -: upon a tone A touch of hers, his blood would ebb and flow, But she in these fond feelings had no share : Id. Byron. The Dream. Obsolete. FONE, n. s. Plural of foe. A barbarous troop of clownish fone. Spenser. FONG-YANG, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-Nan, situated on a mountain, which hangs over the Yellow River, and encloses with its walls several fertile little hills. Its jurisdiction is very extensive, comprehending eighteen cities; five of which are of the second, and thirteen of the third class. As this was the birth-place of the emperor Hong-Vou, chief of the preceding dynasty, he formed a design of rendering it a magnificent city, and making it the seat of empire. After having expelled the western Tartars, who had taken possession of China, he transferred his court hither, and named the city Fong-Yang, i. e. the Place of the Eagle's Splendor. His intention was to beautify and enlarge it but the inequality of the ground, the scarcity of fresh water, and above all the vicinity of his father's tomb, made him change his design. By the unanimous advice of his principal officers he established his court at Nan-King, and put a stop to the intended works, and nothing was finished but three monuments, which still remain. The extent and magnificence of these show what the beauty of this city would have been, had the emperor pursued his original design. The first is the tomb of his father, to decorate which no expense was spared: it is called Hoan-Lin, or the Royal Tomb. The second is a tower of an oblong form, and 100 feet high. The third is a magnificent temple erected to the god Fo. At first it was only a pagod to which Hong-Vou retired after having lost his parents, and where he was admitted as an inferior domestic (See HONGVou); but, as soon as he mounted the throne, he caused this superb temple to be raised out of gratitude to the Bonzes, who had received him in his distress, and assigned them a revenue sufficient for the maintenance of 300 persons, under a chief of their own sect, whom he con : On the breaking out of the French revolution, she became one of its warmest partizans and engaged in various intrigues against her country. In 1799, the king and royal family being obliged to quit Naples, the Lazaroni rose and threatened the lives of those who were in the French interest; among whom the marchioness de Fonseca narrowly escaped their fury. When her party obtained the ascendancy, she commenced the Neapolitan Monitor, a journal in which she vehemently attacked the royal family, and especially the queen. Madame Fonseca was in the zenith of her fame when the measures of cardinal Ruffo obliged the French to quit Naples, and she was persuaded to seek her safety in flight; but she refused, and the cardinal caused her to be arrested. She was hanged July 29th, 1790. FONT, n. s. vessel in which the water for holy baptism is Lat. fons; Fr. fonte. A stone contained in the church. The presenting of infants at the holy font is by their godfathers. Hooker. The time is come, a knave child she bere; Mauricius at the font-stone they him calle. Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale I have no name, no title; No, not that name was given me at the font. Shaks neare There the large olive rains its amber store, In marble fonts. Byron. Don Juan. FONT was anciently used for the place, whether river, lake, or artificial reservoir, in which persons received their initiation into Christianity by the ceremony of immersion. It is now generally confined to those marble vessels in the churches in which the water for the sprinkling of infants is kept. Great Britain can boast of many extraordinary fonts highly interesting to the ecclesiastical antiquary. That of Bridekirk, in Cumberland, is allowed to be of Danish origin; and that which was recently removed, in the spirit of modern improvement, from the church of St. Peter in the East, Oxford, exhibited proofs of an antiquity nearly as early. The font in St. Mary's church, Lincoln, dated 1340, is handsome and of good proportions, as is the elaborately sculptured one in Winchester cathedral. FONTAINBLEAU, a town of France, in the department of the Seine and Marne, and chief place of a canton in the district of Melun. It is celebrated for its magnificent palace, once the general autumnal residence of the kings of France. It was erected in the thirteenth century, and considerably improved by Louis XIV. and XV. It is a vast irregular pile of building; surrounded by the forest of Fontainbleau, anciently called the forest of Bierre, of a circular form, and said to contain 26,480 acres. The town and chateau stand in the centre. The town principally consists of one street, of considerable length. Hither Buonaparte brought the royal family of Spain, and made a memorable treaty with them, in 1807. Here also he first resigned his imperial dignity. The town is said to contain a population of 9000. FONTAINE (John de la), a celebrated French poet, was born at Chateau-Thierri in Champagne, July 8th, 1621. At nineteen he entered amongst the Oratorians, but quitted that order in eighteen months. At the age of twenty-two, on hearing an ode of Malherbe's read, upon the assassination of Henry IV., he was so taken with it, that the poetical fire, which had before lain dormant within him, seemed to be kindled from that of Malherbe. He read his works with those of the best Latin and Greek authors, as well as the best compositions in French and Italian. Some time afterwards he married a daughter of a lieutenant-general, a relation of the great Racine. This young lady was remarkable for the delicacy of her wit, and Fontaine never composed any work without consulting her. The famous duchess of Bouillon, niece to cardinal Mazarine, being exiled to ChateauThierri, took particular notice of Fontaine. Upon her recall, he followed her to Paris, where he obtained a pension, and met with many friends and patrons at court. She took him to live at her house, where, divested of domestic concerns, he cultivated an acquaintance with all the great men of the age. It was his custom, after he was fixed at Paris, to go every year, in September, to Chateau-Thierri, and visit his wife, carrying with him Racine, Despreaux, Chapelle, and other celebrated writers. After the death of M. de la Sabliere, he was invited into England, particularly by St. Evremond, who promised him all the comforts of life; but the difficulty of learning English, and the liberality of the duke of Burgundy, prevented his voyage. About the end of 1692 he fell dangerously ill, made a general confession, and, before he received the sacrament, sent for the gentlemen of the French Academy, and in their presence declared his sincere compunction for having composed his Tales; a work which he said he could not reflect upon without the greatest detestation. He survived this illness two years, living in the most exemplary manner, and died 13th of March 1695, aged seventy-four. He had one son by his wife in 1660. At the age of fourteen he put him into the hands of M. de Harlay, the first president, recommending to him his education and fortune. Having been a long time without seeing him, he happened to meet him one day visiting, without recollecting him, and mentioned to the company that he thought that young man had a good deal of wit. When they told him it was his own son, swered, 'Ha? truly, I am glad of it.'. His descendants were before the revolution, exempted in France from all taxes and impositions. According to D'Alembert, Fontaine, if not the he an greatest, is the most singularly original of all the writers of the age of Louis XIV. the most an object of despair to imitators, and the writer whom it would cost nature most pains to reproduce.' FONTAINE L'EVEQUE, in the department of the North, and ci-devant province of Hainault, between the Sambre and Meuse, three miles west of Charleroi, and ten east of Mons. It was ceded to France in 1667. Near it the French were defeated by the troops of the allies under the prince of Orange, in June 1794. FONTAINES (Peter Francis), a French critic, born at Rouen in 1685. At fifteen be entered into the society of the Jesuits, and at thirty quitted it, though he was a priest, and had a cure in Normandy. Having excited some attention at Paris by his critical productions, the abbé Bignon in 1724 committed to him the Journal des Sçavans. In 1731 he began a work entitled Nouvelliste du Parnasse, ou Reflexions sur les Ouvrages Nouveaux; but only proceeded to two volumes; the work having been suppressed by authority, from the incessant complaints of authors ridiculed therein. In 1735 he obtained a new privilege for a periodical production entitled, Observations sur les Ecrits Modernes; which, after continuing to thirty-three volumes, was suppressed in 1733. Yet in 1744 he published another weekly paper, called Jugemens sur les Ouvrages Nouveaux which proceeded to eleven volumes; the last two being completed by other hands. In 1745 he was attacked with a disorder in the breast which ended in a dropsy that proved fatal in five weeks. The abbé de la Porte, published, in 1757, L'Esprit de l'Abbè des Fontaines, in 4 vols. 12mo. with his Life, a catalogue of his works, and of writings against him. FONTANEL, n. s. Fr. fontanelle. An issue; a discharge opened in the body. A person pletorick, subject to hot defluxions, was dvised to a fontanel in her arm. Wiseman. From the name of the FONTA'NGE, n. s. the head-dress. Out of use. first wearer. A knot of ribands on the top of the head: they were pointed like steeples, and had Those old-fashioned fontanges rose an ell above long loose pieces of crape, which were fringed, and hung down their backs. Addison. FONTENAY (John Baptist Blain De), a painter of fruits and flowers, born at Caen in 1654. Louis XIV. gave him a pension, and an apartment in the Louvre. His fruits and flowers have all the freshness of nature; the very dew seems to trickle down their stalks, with all the lustre and transparency of the diamond, while the insects upon them seem perfectly alive. He died at Paris in 1715. FONTENAY, ci-devant Le-Comte, the capital of the department of the Vendée, seated in a fertile vale on the Vendée, and containing about 6600 inhabitants. It has a good trade in cattle, mules, woollen cloths, &c., with three annual fairs. It lies near the sea, twenty-eight miles north-east of Rochelle |