There also, where the winged ships were seene In liquid waves to cut their foamie waie, And thousand fishers numbered to have been In that wide lake, looking for plenteous praie Of fish, which they with baits used to betraie, Is now no lake. Spenser. The Ruines of Time. Cæsar fell down in the market-place, and foamed at mouth, and was speechless. Shakspeare. What a beard of the general's cut will do among foaming bottles and ale-washed wits, is wonderful. Id. Henry V.

Sidney.

I have been gathering wolves' hairs, The mad-dogs' foam, and adders' ears, The spurging of a dead man's eyes, And all since the evening-star did rise. Ben Jonson. More white than Neptune's foamy face, When struggling rocks he would embrace. Behold how high the foamy billows ride! The winds and waves are on the juster side. Dryden. To Pallas high the foaming bowl he crowned, And sprinkled large libations on the ground. Pope. Whitening down their mossy tinctured stream Descends the billowy foam. Thomson's Spring.

O'er the glad waters of the dark blue sea, Our thoughts as boundless, and our souls as freeFar as the breeze can bear the billows' foam Survey our empire and behold our home! Byron. FOB, n. s. & v. a. Germ. fuppe, fupsacke; Ital. fioppe (breeches), a small pocket. The verb, from the same root (fuppen), signifies to cheat; to trick; to defraud: probably from being first applied to stealing out of the fob. It is used colloquially with off. To fob off is, to shift off; to put aside with an artifice; to delude by a

with another story.

L'Estrange.

He put his hand into his fob, and presented me in his name with a tobacco-stopper. Addison. Two pockets he called his fobs: they were two large slits squeezed close by the pressure of his belly. Swift. FOCHABERS, a town of Scotland, in Banffshire, on the Spey, formerly in the neighbourhood of Gordon Castle, but removed, not many years ago, to a rising ground about a mile south, and built on a neat plan, having a square in the centre, and streets entering it at right angles.

It is a borough of barony, governed by a baronbailie appointed by the Duke of Gordon who is superior. An elegant bridge has been 'ately built over the Spey at this town. It is a thriv ing place, and lies eighteen miles west of Banff, and forty-eight north-west of Aberdeen.

China, on the banks of the river whereon that FO CHAN, a populous town near Canton, in city stands. It extends about three miles along the river, and is composed principally of a single street of large well built-houses. Te tide flows up to this town, and one of the custom-houses is a fine building; not far distant is a temple. Grosnier observes that Fochan, 'properly speaking, is only a village, being unenclosed by walls, and not having a governor; but that it is the largest and most populous in the universe, because it is three leagues in circuit, and contains 1,000,000 of inhabitants.'

FOCHEA, or FOCHIA NOVA, a sea-port town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia; with a castle and harbour, seated on the Gulf of Smyrna, at the mouth of the Hermus; twenty-eight miles northwest of Smyrna, and thirty-two S. S. W. of PerIn 1650 the Venetians defeated the Turkish fleet near this town.

gamo.

If the candle be placed nearer the glass than its focal distance, the rays will diverge after passing through the glass, more or less, as the candle is more or less distant from the focus. Ferguson.

But Juan was not meant to die so soon:
We left him in the focus of such glory
As may be seen, by favour of the moon
Or ladies' fancies, rather transitory.

Byron.

Focus, in geometry, certain points in the transverse axis of the ellipse hyperbola and parabola from which two lines drawn to any point in the curve will bear a certain proportion; namely, their sum in the ellipse or parabola, and their difference in the hyperbola is equal to the transverse axis. See CONIC SECTIONS.

Focus, in optics, the point of convergence in which several rays meet, or are collected after being either reflected or refracted.

FOCUS OF A PARABOLA, a point in the axis within the figure, and distant from the vertex by a fourth part of the parameter, or latus rectum.

FOCUS OF AN ELIPSIS, a point towards each end of the longer axis; from whence two right lines being drawn to any point in the circumference, shall be together equal to that longer axis.

FOCUS OF THE HYBERBOLA, a point in the principal axis, within the opposite hyperbolas; from which if any two right lines are drawn, meeting in either of the opposite hyperbolas, the difference will be equal to the principal axis. FOD'DER, n. s. & v. a. Sax. fodre, foder, FODDERER, n. s. from Fod, food. Dry food stored up for cattle against winter. To feed with dry food; he who fodders cattle.

Being not to be raised without wintering, they will help to force men into improvement of land by a necessity of fodder. Temple.

Of grass and fodder thou defraudest the dams, And of their mother's dugs the starving lambs. Dryden's Virgil.

From winter keep

Well foddered in the stalls, thy tender sheep. Id. Natural earth is taken from just under the turf of the best pasture ground, in a place that has been well foddered on. Evelyn.

FODDER, in agriculture, all such substances as hay, straw, haulm, &c., which are kept for the winter food of cattle. In the giving of fodder to all sorts of animals, care should be taken that it is not wasted by their having too much, or by its not being well put into racks or cribs, which should be sufficiently numerous. Where these points are not properly attended to, there must be great loss, not only by the fodder being littered about the yard, but from many of the more weak cattle not getting the quantity of food that may be necessary for their support. In respect to racks, those of the staddling and basket kinds are best for foddering, if made strong enough, that is, so as not to be overturned; for these racks may be lifted up as the dung rises in the yard, which those fixed in the ground

cannot be.

FOE, n. s. Sax. fah; Goth. fega; old FOE'MAN. Teut. fian, to haste. One that bears hatred and malice against another. Enemy is not properly the synonyme of foe. Enemy, inimicus, Lat. merely signifies one that is unfriendly. Foe implies deadly aversion. Crabbe well observes, 'An enemy is not so formidable as a foe; the former may be reconciled; but the latter remains always deadly. An enemy may be so in spirit, in action, or in relation; a foe is always so in spirit, if not in action likewise; a man may be an enemy to himself, though not a foe.' These distinctions, however, are not strictly regarded even by our best writers. For foe is often used to denote an enemy in war, an enemy in common life; a persecutor; an opponent; an il. wisher. Foeman is obsolete, except in poetry, where it is often introduced instead of foe, to eke out the number of feet.

To these gret conqueroures two, Fortune was first a friend and sith a fo.

Chaucer. The Monkes Tale.

His fomen made a feste upon a day,
And made him as hir fool before hem pleye,
And this was in a temple of gret array :—
But, at the last, he made a foule affray,

For he two pillers shoke, and made hem falle;
And down fell a temple and all, and ther it lay;
And slew himself, and eke his fomen alle.

Eftsoones he spide a knight approaching nye;
Who seeing one in so great danger set
Mongst many foes himself did faster hye

Id.

FOENUS NAUTICUM. Where money was lent to a merchant, to be employed in a beneficial trade upon condition to be repaid, with extraordinary interest, in case such voyage was safely performed, the agreement was sometimes called fanus nauticum, sometimes usura maritima. But, as this gave an opening for usurious contracts, 19 Geo. II. cap. 37 enacts, that all money lent on bottomry, on vessels bound to or from the East Indies, shall be expressly lent only upon the ship or merchandise: the lender to have the benefit of salvage, &c. Blackstone. See BOTTOMRY.

FESIUS (Anulius), a learned physician of Paris, born at Mentz in 1528. He published a translation of Galen's Commentaries upon the second book of Hippocrates, under the title of Hippocratis Coi Liber secundus de morbis vulgaribus, difficillimus et pulcherrimus: olim à Galeno Commentariis illustratus qui temporis injuriâ interciderunt; nunc vero penè in integrum restitutus Commentariis sex, et Latinitate donatus, 8vo. In the following year he published a pharmacopoeia, in order to fix the regular formulæ and the particular medicines to be used by the apothecaries of Mentz: its title was, Pharmacopeia Medicamentorum omnium, quæ hodie ad publica medentium munia in officinis extant, tractationem et usum ex antiquorum Medicorum præscripto continens; Basilea, 1561, 8vo. His constant meditations on the works of Hippocrates led him to arrange, in alphabetical order, all the terms which contributed to occasion any doubt or obscurity in the perusal of this ancient writer, under the title of Economia Hippocratis. After prac ising physic a long time with great reputation,

at Lorrain and other places, he died in the year 1596.

FŒTIDIA, in botany, a genus of plants of the icosandria class and monogynia order: CAL. superior, four-cleft: COR. none: CAPS. woody: four-celled: the cells one or two-seeded. Species, one only; a tree of Mauritius, with one-flowered terminal peduncles.

FŒTOR NARIUM (stench of the nostrils), a sort of disease arising from a deep ulcer within the nose, yielding a fetid smell, and remarkable as one of the causes for which marriage might formerly be annulled.

FETUS, n. s. Lat. fœtus, from foveo, to cherish; Fr. fetus. Both signify the thing cherished. It refers to what is formed in the womb of the mother: it differs from embryo, though it is applied to the same substance. Embryo is the first germ of conception; fœtus the same germ advanced to maturity of formation.

A fœtus, in the mother's worm, differs not much from the state of a vegetable. Locke.

FETUS, the young of all viviparous animals whilst in the womb, and of oviparous animals before being hatched. The name is transferred by botanists to the embryos of vegetables. Till the young is perfectly formed, it is more properly called EMBRYO. See ANATOMY, and MIDWIFERY. In the human foetus there exist several peculiarities not to be found in the adult: 1. The arteries of the naval string, which are continuations of the hypogastrics, are after the birth shrivelled up, and form the lower umbilical ligament. 2. The veins of the navel-string are formed by the union of all the venous branches in the placenta; and, passing into the abdomen, become the falciform ligament of the liver. 3. The lungs, before being inflated with air, are compact and heavy; but after one inspiration they become light, and as it were spongy; and it may be noted here, that the notion of the lungs sinking in water before the child breathes, and of their swimming after the reception of air, are no certain proofs that the child had or had not breathed, much less that it was murdered: for the uninflated lungs become specifically lighter than water, as soon as any degree of putrefaction takes place in them, and this soon happens after the death of the child: besides, where the utmost care has been taken to preserve the child, it has breathed once or twice, and then died. 6. The thymus gland is very large in the foetus, but dwindles away in proportion as years advance. 7. The foramen ovale in the heart of a fœtus is generally closed in an adult.

FŒTUS, PETRIFIED. Bartholine, Pare, Licetus, and many other writers, give an account of a petrified fœtus. The child which they describe, is kept as a great rarity in the king of Denmark's museum at Copenhagen. The woman lived at Sens in Champaign in 1582. It was cut out of her belly, and was supposed to have lain there about twenty years. That it is a real human fœtus, and not artificial, is evident to the eyes of any observer; and the upper part of it, is of a substance resembling gypsum, or the stone whereof they make Paris plaster. The lower part is much harder, the thighs and but

tocks being perfect stone of a reddish color, and as hard as common quarry-stone; the grain and surface of this part appears exactly like that of the calculi or stones taken out of human bladders: and the whole substance examined ever so nearly, and felt ever so carefully, appears to be absolute stone. It was carried from Sens to Paris, and there purchased by a goldsmith of Venice; from whom Frederic III. king of Denmark purchased it for a very large sum.

FOG, n. s. Low Lat. fogagium. Gramen in foresta regis locatur pro fogagio Leges forest. Scotica. Aftergrass; grass which grows in autumn after the hay is mown.

FOG, or FOGG, is a term that properly signifies the fine soft grass that immediately springs up after the hay crop has been taken from the ground; but which is sometimes used for the long grass remaining in the pastures till the win

ter season.
FOG, n. s.
FOG'GINESS, n. s.
FOG'GY, adj.

Dan. fog, a storm. A thick mist; a most dense vapor near the surface of the land or water. Metaphorically applied to the understanding, when it is unapprehensive, mystified, and dull.

Huge routs of people did about them band, Shouting for joy; and still before their way A foggy mist had covered all the land. Spenser's Faerie Queene. Infect her beauty,

You fensucked fogs drawn by the powerful sun, To fall and blast her pride. Shakspeare. Whence have they this mettle? Is not their climate foggy, raw and dull?

Id. Henry V.

The

spring, from the expansion of the dew. vapors, which are raised plentifully from the earth and waters, either by the solar or subterraneous heat, at their first entrance into the atmosphere meet with cold enough to condense them to a considerable degree; their specific gravity is by that means increased, and so they will be stopped from ascending; and either return back in form of dew or of drizzling rain, or remain suspended some time in the form of a fog. Vapors may be seen on the high grounds as well as the low, but more especially about marshy places. They are easily dissipated by the wind, as well as by the heat of the sun. They continue longest in the lowest grounds, because these places contain most moisture, and are least exposed to the action of the wind. Hence we may easily conceive, that fogs are only low clouds, or clouds in the lowest region of the air; as clouds are no other than fogs raised on high. See CLOUD, and MIST.

FOGGIA, a large town of Naples, in the Capitanata, formerly of great importance, from being a staple for wool and corn, and the seat of the dogano or register-office for collecting the tax on the sheep which pass to and from the pastures of Puglia. The office of Foggia appointed deputations to other towns. The principal square, and several of its streets, are undermined with vaults, where corn is stored and preserved; the sides are said to be faced with stone, and all the orifices carefully closed. The town has been almost entirely rebuilt since the earthquake of 1732. A great fair is held here in May. It contains 17,000 inhabitants. It is sixteen miles south-west of Manfredonia, and forty-two north-east of Benevento.

FOGLIETO (Oberto, or Hubert), a Genoese priest, and one of the most learned writers of the sixteenth century. He had a share in the disturbances that were raised at Genoa, for which he was banished; and died at Rome in 1581, aged sixty-three. He wrote a History of Genoa in Italian, which is highly esteemed; and many works in Latin.

FOH, interj. From Sax. Fah, an enemy. An interjection of abhorrence: as if one should at sight of any thing hated cry out a foe!

Not to affect many proposed matches
Of her own clime, complexion and degree,
Whereto we see in all things nature tends,
Foh! one may smell in such a will most rank,
Foul disproportions, thoughts unnatural.

Shakspeare.

Indeed, Sir John, pray good my dear, Tis wrong to make your kennel hereDogs in their place are good I own, But in the parlour, foh! be gone! Somervile. Foh 'twas a bribe that left it, he has touched Corruption.

Cowper. FO-III, another name for Fo, the chief deity of the Chinese. They represent him shining all in light, with his hands hid under his robes, to show that his power does all things invisibly. He has at his left Lanza, or Lanca, chief of the second sect of their religion. See CHINA.

FOHR, or FORA, a fertile island of Denmark, or the coast of Sleswick; twelve miles in circuit, with a safe harbour.

FOIBLE, n. s.

French, A little fault; a mental weakness rather than a moral taint. It is synonymous, or nearly so, with failing; failings and foibles are the smallest degrees of imperfection. Failings, perhaps, relate more to temper and disposition, and foibles to habit and prepossession.

He knew the foibles of human nature. Friend

The witty men sometimes have sense enough to know their own foible, and therefore they craftily shun the attacks of argument. Watts's Logick.

Mason.

If you insist upon your right to examine, they retreat, either in confusion or equivocation; and, like the scuttle-fish, throw a large quantity of ink behind them, that you may not see where to pursue. Whence this foille flows is obvious enough. FOIL, v. a. & n. s. Į Old Fr. affoler, to For'LER, n. s. wound. Crabbe thinks from fail, and the Lat. fallo to deceive; to make to fail. Thus it signifies to put to the worst; to defeat, though without a complete victory; and equally applies to the accomplishment of this, whether by stratagem or open resistance. A person is foiled, whatever the means, who is rebuffed and turned away from his meditated purpose: it is also used in the sense of puzzling and perplexing.

Bonduca, that victorious conqueresse, That, lifting up her brave heroick thought Bove womens weaknesse, with the Romanes fought. Fought, and in field against them thrice prevailed; Yet was she foyled whenas she me assailed.

Spenser. The Ruines of Time.

We of thy cunning had no diffidence; One sudden foil shall never breed distrust.

Amazement seized

The rebel thrones; but greater rage to see

Thus foiled their mightiest.

Shakspeare.

Milton.

Strange, that your fingers should the pencil foil, Without the help of colours or of oil! Waller.

Virtue, disdain, despair, I oft have tried ; And, foiled, have with new arms my foe defied.

nature.

He had been foiled in the cure, and had left it to Wiseman's Surgery. In their conflicts with sin they have been so often foiled, that they now despair of ever getting the day. Calamy's Sermons.

When age shall level me to impotence, And sweating pleasure leave me on the foil.

Southern. FOIL, n. s. & v. a. Fr. fouiller. A blunt sword used in fencing: to blunt; to dull.

He that plays the king shall be welcome; his majesty shall have tribute of me: the adventurous knight shall use his foil and target. Shakspeare.

When light-winged toys
Of feathered Cupid foil, with wanton dulness,
My speculative and officed instruments.

Id. Leaf;

FOIL, n. s. Lat. folium; Fr. feuille. gilding something of another color near which jewels are set to raise their lustre; appliea metaphorically to whatever enhances the value or beauty of any thing by contrast: the steel or

Fructified olive of foiles faire and thicke.

Chaucer. Balade III. A stately palace, built of squared brick, Which cunningly was without mortar laid, Whose walls were high, but nothing strong nor thick, And golden foil all over them displayed.

Faerie Queene. Like bright metal on a sullen ground, My reformation glittering o'er my fault, Shall shew more goodly, and attract more eyes, Than that which hath no foil to set it off. Shakspeare.

Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil, Nor in the glistering foil

Set off to the' world, nor in broad rumour lies.

Foil, among looking-glass grinders, is a sheet of tin with quicksilver, or the like, laid on the backside of a looking-glass, to make it reflect. Chambers.

FOIL, in fencing, a long piece of steel of an elastic temper, mounted like a sword, which is used in fencing. It is without a point, having a button at the extremity, covered with leather. The amateurs of fencing caution the learner never to fence with short foils; they ought to measure from one extremity to the other three feet two inches; he will thus be enabled to keep a regular distance, and execute his movements with a greater degree of justness and dexterity.

FOIL, among jewellers, a thin leaf of metal placed under a precious stone, in order to make it look transparent, and give it an agreeable different color, either deep or pale: thus, if a stone is wanted to be of a pale color, put a palecolored foil under it; or if deep, a dark one. These foils are made either of copper, gold, or gold and silver together. The copper foils are commonly known by the name of Nuremberg or German foils, and are thus prepared: Procure very thin copper-plates; beat these gently upon a well-polished anvil, with a polished hammer, as thin as possible; and placing them between two iron plates, as thin as writing-paper, heat them in the fire; then boil the foil in a pipkin with equal quantities of tartar and salt, constantly stirring them, till, by boiling, they become white; after which, taking them out and drying them, give them another hammering, till they are made fit for your purpose. Care must be taken not to give the foils too much heat, for fear of melting; nor must they be too long boiled, lest they should attract too much salt. The method of polishing them is this: Take a plate of the best copper, one foot long and about five or six inches wide, polished to the greatest perfection; bend this to a long convex, fasten it upon a half roll, and fix it to a bench or table; then take some chalk, washed as clean as pòssible, and filtered through a fine linen cloth, till it be as fine as it can be made; and, having laid some of it on the roll, and wetted the copper all over, lay the foils on it, and, with a polishing stone and the chalk, polish them, till they are as

to push; to thrust: a thrust; or push. In a pushing manner.

Ne no man shal unto his felow ride
But o cours, with a sharpe ygrounden spere,
Foin if him list on foot himself to were.
And he that is at meschief shal be take,
And not slaine, but be brought unto the stake
That shal ben ordeined on eyther side;
Thider he shal by force; and ther abide.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale.
And, after that, with sharpe speres strong,
They foineden eche at other wonder long.

Id.

He hewed, and lashed, and foined, and thundered

blows,

And every way did seek into his life!

Ne plate, ne mail, could ward so mighty throws, But yielded passage to his cruel knife.

Faerie Queene. He cares not what mischief he doth, if his weapon be out: he will foin like any devil; he will spare neither man, woman, nor child. Shakspeare.

Then both, no moment lost, at once advance
Against each other, armed with sword and lance:
Their corslets, and the thinnest parts explore.
They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore

Dryden. FOISON, n. s. Fr. foison; Lat. fusio, profusio. Plenty; abundance. A word now out of use.

Who fed the Egyptian Mary in the cave
Or in desert? no wight but Crist sans faille.
Five thousand folk it was as gret marvaille,
With loves five and fishes two, to fede;
God sent his foyson at hire grete nede.

Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale.
Be wilful to kill, and unskilful to store,
And look for no foison, I tell thee before. Tusser.
Nature should bring forth,

Of its own kind, all foison, all abundance,

To feed my innocent people. Shakspeare. Tempest. FOIST, v. a. Fr. fausser; perhaps of Lat. fulsito. To insert by forgery; or in a forced and improper manner.

Lest negligence or partiality might admit or foist in abuses and corruption, an archdeacon was pointed to take account of their doings.

ap

Carew.

To what purpose, I pray, is God's name hooked and haled into our idle talk? why should we so often mention him, when we do not mean any thing about him? would it not, into every sentence to fost a dog or a horse, be altogether as proper and pertinent?

Barrow.

FOI'STY, adj. ? See FUSTY. Mouldy; FOIS TINESS, n. s. S fusty.

Dress mustard, and lay it in cellar up sweet, Lest foistiness make it for table uumeet.

Tusser.

FOIX (Gaston de), a nephew of Louis XII. of France, was born in 1489, and was the son of John de Foix, viscount of Narbonne. In 1512 he succeeded the duke of Longueville, in the command of the French army in Italy, and forced Peter Navarro, the Spanish general, to raise the siege of Bologna, relieved Brescia, and laid siege to Ravenna. His daring exploits, which procured him the name of the Thunderbolt of Italy, were productive, however, of no permanent advantage; and he fell at the battle of Ravenna, in which he defeated the Spaniards,