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from which it is manufactured should be steadily supported, and the chisel adapted to the face without any unequal bearing.

The American machine consists of a bench of well seasoned oak, and the face of it planed very smooth; and a carriage on which the files are laid, which moves along the face of the bench parallel to its sides, and carries the files gradually under the edge of the cutter or chisel while the teeth are cut. The carriage is made to move by a contrivance somewhat similar to that which carries the log against the saw of a saw-mill. The lever or arm, which carries the cutter, works on the centres of two screws which are fixed into two pillars in a direction right across the bench. By tightening or loosening these screws, the arm which carries the chisel may be made to work more or less steadily. There is likewise a regulating-screw, by means of which the files may be made coarser or finer: also a bed of lead, which is let into a cavity formed in the body of the carriage, somewhat broader and longer than the largest-sized files: the upper face of this bed of lead is formed variously, so as to fit the different kinds of files which may be required.

When the file or files are laid in their place, the machine must be regulated by the screw to cut them of a due degree of fineness. This machine is described as being so simple, that when properly adjusted a blind person may cut a file with more exactness than can be done in the usual method with the keenest sight; for by striking with a hammer on the head of the cutter or chisel all the movements are set at work; and by repeating the stroke with the hammer, the files on one side will at length be cut; then they must be turned, and the operation repeated for cutting the other side. This machine may be made to work by water as readily as by hand, to cut coarse or fine, large or small files, or any number at a time: but it may be more particuJarly useful for cutting the very fine small files for watchmakers.

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We shall now give an account of the machine for which Mr. Nicholson obtained his majesty's letters patent. My machinery,' says the patentee, consists in four essential parts, suitably constructed and combined together; namely, First, a carriage or apparatus, in or by which the file is fixed or held and moved along, for the purpose of receiving the successive strokes of a cutter or chisel. Secondly, the anvil, by which the file is supported beneath the part which receives the stroke. Thirdly, the regulating gear, by which the distance between stroke and stroke is determined and governed. And, fourthly, the apparatus for giving the stroke or cut. The four several parts are supported by, or attached to a frame or platform of solid and secure workmanship, either of wood or metal, or both, according to the nature of the work intended to be performed, and the judgment and choice of the engineer. The carriage is a long block of wood, or metal, of the figure of a parallelipidon, or nearly so, having a portion cut out between its upper and lower surfaces to admit the anvil to stand therein, without coming into contact with the carriage itself. The said carriage is made of

such a length that the excavation here described shall be considerably longer than the longest files intended to be cut; and it is supported upon straight bearers from the platform, upon which by projecting pieces, or slides, or wheels, o friction-rollers, it can be moved endwise in a straight-lined direction, without shake or deviation. At one end of the said excavation is fixed a clip, resembling a hand-vice, for holding the file by its tail or tang; and in the opposite end of the said excavation there is a sliding block of piece, which being brought up to the other end of the file does, by means of a notch or other obvious contrivance, prevent it from being moved sideways. The said clip is so fixed at its head or shank, by means of an horizontal axis on gudgeons and sockets, that the file is at liberty to move up and down, but not sideways or a-twist. In this manner it is that the file being fixed in the carriage is pressed down upon the anvil by a lever and weight proceeding from the platform, and bearing upon the face of the file by a small roller of wood, ivory, bone, or soft metal. The anvil is solidly fixed on the platform, and may be of any suitable figure which shall be sufficiently massy to receive and resist the blow; but its upper part must be so contracted as to stand up in the excavation of the carriage and support the file; and the upper part of all must be constructed in such a manner that it shall fairly apply itself to the under surface of the file, and support it without leaving any hollow space, notwithstanding any casual irregularities of the said surface. I produce this effect by making a cavity in the anvil of the figure of a portion of a sphere, not much less than a hemisphere, and in this cavity I place (with grease between) a piece of iron or steel made exactly to fit, but of which the lower surface is a greater portion of the sphere, and the upper surface flat and plain. The file rests upon this last flat or plain surface, which is either faced with lead, or (in preference) a slip of lead is put under the file and turned round the tang thereof, so as to move along with it. It is evident that the upper or moveable piece of the said anvil will, by sliding in its socket, accommodate and apply itself constantly to the surface of the file, which is pressed and struck against it. Or, otherwise, I make the concavity in the upper moveable piece, and make the fixed part convex: or, otherwise, I support the upper part, or in some cases the whole of my anvil upon opposite gudgeons, in the manner of the gimbals of sea compasses: or, otherwise, I form the upper part of my anvil cylindrical, of a large diameter, supported on thick gudgeons, the axis of the said cylinder being short, and at right angles to the motion of the carriage: or, otherwise, I form only a small portion, namely, the upper extremity of my anvil, of a cylindrical form as aforesaid, and cause the same to continue motionless by fashioning the same out of the same mass as the rest of the anvil, or fixing the same thereto. And in both the last-mentioned cases of the cylindrical structure I fix the head or shank of the clip (by which the tang is held), not by a single axis or pair of gudgeons, but by an universal joint or ball and socket, so that the

le becomes at liberty to adapt itself not only pwards and downwards, but also in the way of mitation or a-twist, and supplies the want of motion in the anvil by the facility with which itself can be moved in the last-mentioned man

per.

by the stroke: or, otherwise, the said chisel may have a notch, or a hole, instead of a protuberance, to meet a correspondent part in the mouthpiece or claws; but I prefer the first-mentioned construction. By the construction of the chisel, as here mentioned and fixed, the edge of the said instrument is at liberty to apply itself fairly from side to side of the file notwithstanding any winding or irregularity, whatever may be the fineness of the cut upon a broad surface. The mouthpiece, with its chisel, is firmly fixed in another piece, which by its motion gives the stroke. This last-mentioned piece may either be a lever, or a moveable carriage between upright sliders; but I greatly prefer the lever. The chisel must be so fixed that the moving piece shall carry it fairly edge onwards to the file without scraping or slapping in the least; and the obliquity of the stroke may be adjusted by fixing the centres of the level either higher or lower at pleasure, or by inclining the last-mentioned sliders. The lever may be raised and let fall (or the other chisel apparatus moved) by a tripping-piece or snail-work, or other usual connexion with the first mover; and its power of stroke may be increased by the addition of a weight, or by the action of a spring; which last method is of excellent use, and may (if required from the varying breadth of the file) be made to increase or diminish its power during the run by several easy and commonly used methods or contrivances for pressing more or less against the spring. Or, otherwise, the lever, or holdingpiece, may be kept immediately above the file by the re-action of a slight spring, or weight, and be struck by a hammer moved and acted upon by the first mover, as aforesaid: and to this method I give the preference, because the lever will then have less strain upon its pivots; or the said lever may even be supported by spring-joints without any pivots or centres at all. Or, instead of a hammer, the blow may be given by a ram, or a fly and screw, but I give the preference to the hammer. The lever may move in a vertical circle immediately over the file, or in an oblique circle at right angles to it, or at any intermediate angle consistent with the foregoing instructions: and the chisel may be set with its edge at any angle whatever, with the line of the length of the lever; but, in general, I have set the lever in the first-mentioned position, and have varied the angle between the chisel-edge and the lever, according to the intended slope of the cut upon the face of the file. The edge of the chisel must be sharpened to such an angle as the intended cut and strength of burr may require. Lastly, I describe the general action of the said machinery as follows: 1. The file being prepared as usual for cutting, must be fixed in the clip of the carriage, and the sliding-block brought up and fixed, to steady its other extremity. 2. The nut of the screw being then opened (or the other regulating gear disengaged) the carriage is slided to its place so that the chisel may be situated over that part of the file which is to receive the first stroke. 3. The nut is then closed (or the other regu lating gear connected) and the small roller of the pressing iever is made to bear upon the face

'The regulating-gear is that part of the achinery by which the carriage, and consequently the file, is drawn along. It consists of a screw revolving between centres fixed to the platform, and acting upon a nut attached to the arriage with usual and well known precautions for working of measuring screws; and the nut being made to open by a joint when the carriage s required to be disengaged and slided back. And the said screw is moved either constantly by a slow motion from the first mover, or (which better) by interrupted equal motions, so as to daw the carriage during the interval between troke and stroke. And the quantities of those respective equal motions may be produced and overned at pleasure by wheel-work applied to the head of the screw, or by the well known apparatus used in the mathematical dividing engine for circles; or by other contrivances well known b workmen of competent skill, and therefore necessary to be described at large: or, other ise, the motion of the carriage may be produced by a toothed rack from the carriage drawn bya pinion; and this pinion moved by a ratchetwheel on the same arbor moved by a click-lever, which shall gather up and drive a greater or less umber of teeth, according to the coarseness or fiteness of the file; and the click-lever itself may be moved by a tripping piece from the first over, or by various other evident means of Connexion: or, otherwise, the said carriage may be moved by a small cylinder, and rope or chain stantly acting: or, otherwise, the said motion may be effected by a train of two or more wheels, ffered to move by any of the escapements sed in time-pieces, and the fineness of stroke ay be regulated either by changing the wheels in the common fuzee engine, or by the greater or less frequency of escape during each turn of And in every case I prefer a Counter-weight to the carriage, acting either consantly against, or constantly in the direction of is motion; though this is not absolutely necesry when the work is well executed. I may also observe, that it is possible to construct my said machinery by fixing and rendering motionless that part which I have called the carriage, provided the other three principal parts be made to move instead of the carriage itself; but I conder this disposition as less eligible than that which requires the carriage to be moved. The paratus for giving the stroke or cut, consists of a chisel, which is held between the jaws of a outh-piece or claws resembling a strong handvice without teeth. One of the jaws is made very stout, and the chisel is formed narrow from edge to back, and wide from side to side, and has a semi-circular protuberance on its back, which rests in a circular notch in the strong jaw foresaid; and there are two or three bended fat rings or washers of iron or metal under the thumb-screw of the said mouth-piece or claws, which prevent the chisei trom becoming loose

the first mover.

of the file. 4. The first mover being then put into action, raises and lets fall the apparatus for giving the stroke by which the file receives a cut. And, 5, immediately afterwards, or during the same action, as the case may be (according to the construction as before described), the reguLating gear moves the carriage, and consequently the file, through a determinate space. 6. The cut is then again given; and in this manner (the strength of cut being duly proportioned to the space between cut and cut) the file becomes cut throughout. 7. The file is then taken out and cut on the other side. 8. The burr is then taken off, or not, as the artist may think best; and the cross-strokes are given over the surfaces as before. And the said machinery, by certain slight, necessary, and obvious changes in the structure and disposition of the chisels, and some other of the parts thereof, is adapted to manufacture all other forms and descriptions of files, whether floats, rasps, half-round, three square, or any other figure or denomination.

Three things are strictly to be observed in hardening files; first, to prepare the file on the surface, so as to prevent it from being oxydated by the atmosphere, when the file is red hot, which effect would not only take off the sharpness of the tooth, but render the whole surface so rough, that the file would, in a little time, become clogged with the substance it had to work. Secondly, the heat ought to be very uniformly red throughout, and the water in which it is quenched fresh and cold, for the purpose of giving it the proper degree of hardness. Lastly, the manner of immersion is of great importance, to prevent the files from warping, which in long thin files is very difficult. The first object is accomplished by laying a substance upon the surface, which, when it fuses, forms as it were a varnish upon it, defending the metal from the action of the oxygen of the air. Formerly the process consisted in first coating the surface of the file with ale-grounds, and then covering it over with pulverised common salt. After this coating becomes dry the files are heated red-hot, and hardened; then the surface is lightly brushed over with the dust of cokes; when it appears white and metallic, as if it had not been heated. This process has lately been improved, at least so far as relates to the economy of the salt, which, from the quantity used, and the increase of duty, had become a serious object. Those who use the improved method do not consume above one-fourth the quantity of salt used in the old way. The process consists in dissolving the salt in water to saturation, which is about three pounds to the gallon, and stiffening it with alegrounds, or with the cheapest kind of flour, such as that of beans, to about the consistence of thick cream. The files only require to be dipped into this substance, and immediately heated and hardened. The grounds or the flour are of no other use than to give the mass consistence, and by that means, allowing a larger quantity of salt to be laid upon the surface. In this method, the salt forms immediately a firm coating. As soon as the water is evaporated, the whole of it becomes fused upon the file. In the old method, the dry salt was so loosely

attached to the file, that the greatest part of it was rubbed off into the fire, and was sublimed up the chimney, without producing any effect. Some file-makers are in the habit of using the coal of buint leather, which doubtless produces some effect; but the carbon is generally so illprepared for the purpose, and the time of its operation so short, as to render the effect very, little. Animal carbon, when properly prepared and mixed with the above hardening composition, is capable of giving hardness to the surface even of an iron file. The carbonaceous matter may be readily obtained from any of the soft parts of animals, or from blood. For this purpose, however, the refuse of shoe-makers and curriers is the most convenient. After the volatile parts have been distilled over, from an iron still, a bright shining coal is left behind, which, when reduced to powder, is fit to mix with the salt. Let about equal parts, by bulk, of this powder, and muriate of soda, be mixed together, and brought to the consistence of cream, by the addition of water. Or mix the powdered carbon with a saturated solution of the salt, till it becomes of the above consistence. Files which are intended to be very hard, should be covered with this composition, previously to hardening. By this method, files made of iron, which in itself is insusceptible of hardening, acquire a superficial hardness sufficient to answer the purposes of any file whatever. Files of this kind may be bent into any form, and in consequence are rendered useful for sculptors and die-sinkers.

The mode of heating the file for hardening, is by means of a fire similar to that employed by common smiths. The file is to be held in a pair of tongs by the tang, or tail, and introduced into the fire, consisting of very small cokes, pushing it more or less into the fire, for the sake of heating it regularly. When it is uniformly heated of a cherry color, it is fit to quench in the water. An oven is commonly used for the larger kind of files, into which the blast of the bellows is directed, being open at one end for the of purpose introducing the files and the fuel. After the file is properly heated, for the purpose of hardening, it should be cooled as quickly as possible; this is usually done by quenching it in the coldest water. Clear spring water, free from animal and vegetable matter, is best calculated for the hardening of files.

When files are properly hardened, they are brushed over with water and powdered coke, when the surface becomes clean and metallic. They may likewise be dipped into lime-water, and dried before the fire as rapidly as possible, after which they should be rubbed over with olive oil, in which is mixed a little oil of turpentine, while warm, and then they are finished.

In the operations of filing, the coarser cut files are always to be succeeded by the finer; and the general rule is, to lean heavily on the file in thrusting it forward, because the teeth of the file are made to cut forwards. But in drawing the file back again, for a second stroke, it is to be lifted just above the work, to prevent its cutting as it comes back. The rough, or coarse-toothed file, called a rubber, serves to take off the unevenness of the work, left by the hammer in forging.

The bastard-toothed file, as it is technically called, is to take out too deep cuts and file-strokes made by the rough file. The fine-toothed files take out the cuts or file-strokes which the bastard file made, and the smooth file those left by the fine file.

FILEMOT, n. s., corrupted from Fr. feueille marte, a dead leaf A brown or yellow-brown color.

The colours you ought to wish for are blue or filemat, tarned up with red.

Swift. FILIAL, adj. ર Fr. filial, filiale; Lat. FILIATION, n.s. filius, or filia (à Greek aa, love). Pertaining to a son or daughter; befitting a child. Filiation is the relation of a child to its parents; a legal order of filiation is a declaration of the justices that a particular party therein named is the father of a child. Why Dr. Johnson should have restricted the application of filial to pertaining to a son,' we cannot understand: filiation he himself defines 'correlative to paternity,' generally, while his extract from Prior proves that it may also be the correlative of maternity,

Where the old myrtle her good influence sheds.' In the modern legal use of filiation also we ieve but too many instances occur of its appliation to both sons and daughters.

And thus the filial godhead answering spoke.

Milton.

From imposition of strict laws, to free Acceptance of large grace; from servile fear To filial; works of law, to works of faith. Id. The relation of paternity and filiation, between the irst and second person, and the relation between the sacred persons of the Trinity, and the denomination drreof, must needs be eternal, because the terms of

lation between whom that relation ariseth were eternal. Hale's Origin of Mankind. My mischievous proceeding may be the glory of his piety, the only reward now left for so great a Sidney. He grieved, he wept, the sight an image brought Of his own filial love, a sadly pleasing thought.

kerit.

Dryden.

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together under the title of Poesie Fosiano di Vincenzo da Filicacia, in 1707, 4to.

FILICES, from filum, a thread, quasi filatim incisa, ferns; one of the seven tribes or families of the vegetable kingdom. See BOTANY. They constitute the first order in the class cryptogamia, and consist of eighteen genera, which are divided into fructificationes spicatæ, frondosæ, et radicales. Lee however says they admit of no certain distinction from their fructification. This order comprehends the entire twenty-sixth class of Tournefort, in whose system the filices make

only a single genus, in the first section of this

class.

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FILIGRANE, FILIGREE, or FILLAGREE WORK, from Lat. filum, a thread, and granum, a grain, a kind of enrichment on gold or silver, wrought delicately, in manner of small threads or grains, or both intermixed. It was formerly much more employed than at present, in the manufacture of small articles, which served more for show than for use; such as vases, needlecases, caskets to hold jewels, small boxes, particularly shrines, decorations for the images of saints, and other church furniture. This art, however, is of great antiquity, and seems to have been brought into Europe from the East. Among church furniture we meet with filigree work of the middle ages. The Turks, Armenians, and Indians make at present some master-pieces of this sort, and with tools that are exceedingly coarse and imperfect. There is no manufacture in any part of the world that has been more admired and celebrated, than the fine gold and silver filigree of Sumatra. The surprising delicacy of this work is the more extraordinary as the tools are rudely and inartificially formed by the pandi, or goldsmith, from any old iron he can pick up. When you engage one of them to execute a piece of work, his first request is usually for a piece of iron hoop, to make his wiredrawing instrument; an old hammer-head, stuck in a block, serves for an anvil, and a pair of compasses is often composed of two old nails tied together at one end. The gold is melted in a piece of preeoo, or earthen rice pot, or sometimes in a crucible of their own make, of ordinary clay. In general they use no bellows, but blow the fire with their mouths, through a joint of bamboo; and, if the quantity of metal to be melted is considerable, three or four persons sit round their furnace, which is an old broken quallee or iron pot, and blow together. Padang alone, where the manufacture is more considerable, they have adopted the Chinese bellows. Their method of drawing the wire differs little from that used by Europeans. When drawn to a sufficient fineness, they flatten it by beating it on their anvil; and, when flattened, they give it a twist like that in the whalebone handle of a punch-ladle, by rubbing it on a

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Fill the waterpots with water; and they filled them
up to the brim.
John ii. 7.
In the cup which she hath filled, fill to her double.
Rev. xviii.
Her neck and breasts were ever open bare,
That
aye thereof her babes may suck their fill.
Faerie Queene.

Thou art going to lord Timon's feast,
-Ay, to see meat fill knaves, and wine heat fools.
Shakspeure.
We fill to the general joy of the whole table,

block of wood with a flat stick. After twisting its sister labial D.' To store to the utmost; they again beat it on the anvil, and, by these satisfy; glut; surfeit: applied both to time and means, it becomes flat wire with indented edges. space, as well as metaphorically to the mind, afWith a pair of nippers they fold down the end fections, &c. To fill out, is to extend or rather of the wire, and thus form a leaf, or element of stretch out to the utmost, by filling; and the a flower in their work, which is cut off. The preposition up, to fill up,' occasionally adds end is again folded and cut off, till they have intensity to this verb. As a neuter verb, to fill got a sufficient number of leaves, which are laid is to satiate; glut; give to drink; to fill up;' on singly. Patterns of the flowers or foliage, in to grow full. As a substantive, a fill is a satiswhich there is not very much variety, are pre-fying quantity. A filter is any thing that occupared on paper, of the size of the gold plate on pies room; any thing useless for any other purwhich the filigree is to be laid. According to pose; or one whose employment is to fill. this, they begin to dispose on the plate the larger compartments of the foliage, for which they use plain flat wire of a larger size, and fill them up with the leaves before mentioned. To fix the work, they employ a glutinous substance, made of the red hot berry, called boca sago, ground to a pulp on a rough stone. This pulp they place on a young cocoa nut about the size of a walnut, the top and bottom being cut off. After the leaves have been all placed in order, and stuck on bit by bit, a solder is prepared of gold filings And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss. and borax moistened with water, which they strew over the plate; and then, putting it in the fire for a short time, the whole becomes united. This kind of work on gold plate they call carrang papan: when the work is open they call it carrang trouse. In executing the latter the foliage is laid out on a card, or soft kind of wood, and stuck on, as before described, with the sago berry; and the work, when finished, being strewed over with their solder, is put into the fire, when, the card or soft wood burning away, the gold remains connected. If the piece be large, they solder it at several times. In the manufacture of badjoo buttons, they first make the lower part flat, and having a mould formed of a piece of buffalo's horn indented to several sizes, each like one half of a bullet mould, they lay their work over one of these holes, and, with a horn punch, they press it into the form of a button. After this they complete the upper part. When the filigree is finished, they cleanse it by boiling it in common salt and alum, or sometimes lime juice; and, in order to give it that fine purple color which they call sapo, they boil it in water with brimstone. The manner of making the little balls, with which their works are sometimes orna

mented, is as follows:-They take a piece of charcoal, and having cut it flat and smooth, they make in it a small hole, which they fill with gold dust, and this melted in the fire becomes a little ball. They are very inexpert at finishing and polishing the plain parts, hinges, screws, and the like, being in this as much excelled by the European artists, as these fall short of them in the fineness and minuteness of the foliage.

FILIPPO D'ARGIRONE, a town in the Val di Demone, Sicily, situated on a high hill on the Jaretta. It contains about 6000 inhabitants, and is a place of great antiquity, having given birth to Diodorus Siculus. It is defended by a castle. Nine miles south of Nicosia.

FILL, v. a., v. n. & n. s. Saxon, Fyllan; FILLER, n. S., Teutonic, feellen; Belg. vullen; Goth. and Swed. filla. Minsheu traces these to Gr. πoλu, many; which Parkhurst derives from Heb. O, being substituted for

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Id. Macbeth. Things that are sweet and fat are more filling, and stomach, and go not down so speedily. do swim and hang more about the mouth of the Bacon.

Fairfax.

But thus inflamed bespoke the captain,
Who scorneth peace shall have his jill of war.
• Which made me gently first remove your fears,
Your fill of joy.
That so you might have room to entertain
Denham's Sophy.

I am who fill
Infinitude, nor vacuous space.
Amid the tree now got, where plenty hung
Tempting so nigh, to pluck and eat my fill,
spared not.

Milton.

Id. Paradise Lost.

I
He with his consorted Eve
The story heard attentive, and was filled
With admiration and deep muse to hear. Milton.
I only speak of him
That he wants majesty to fill them out.
pomp and greatness sits so loose about,
Dryden.

Whom

'Tis a mere filler, to stop a vacancy in the hexameter, and connect the preface to the work of Virgil. Dryden's Eneid. Dedication,

This mule being put in the fill of a cart, ran away with the cart and timber. Mortimer's Husbandry. fillers always at work. They have six diggers to four fillers, so as to keep

the

Id.

There would not be altogether so much water required for the land as for the sea, to raise them to an equal height; because mountains and hills would fill up part of that space upon the land, and so make less water requisite.

Burnet.

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