DISM.

CHAP. "same time, a real decay of serious religion, both
XIX. "in the Church and out of it, was very visible."*
METHO- The Church, beyond all doubt, still comprised very
many ministers of powerful talents and eminent
piety; but these stars in the firmament, though
bright themselves, were not sufficient to dispel the
surrounding darkness.

This decline in an establishment which has
shown so much efficiency and excellence, both
before and since, may, in a great measure, be
traced to the political divisions of that period. At
the Revolution it appeared that many, who had
most bravely withstood despotic power, were no
less steady assertors of hereditary right. They
would not allow the King to take more than his
prerogative; they would not allow themselves to
give less.
They admitted that the tyranny of
James had forfeited the throne; but they main-
tained that, in such a case, as in the event of his
natural demise, the next heir should be imme-
diately acknowledged. The courtiers, indeed, had
no such scruples, and those who had heaped in-
cense before the Tyrant, were quite ready to bow
the knee before the Deliverer. The sturdiest parti-
sans of James appeared amongst his former victims.
Of the seven Bishops whom he had persecuted and
imprisoned, five refused to take the oath of alle-
giance to William; their example was followed
by not a few of the inferior clergy; and though

Calamy's Life and Times, vol. ii. p. 531.

1

"

XIX.

DISM.

the greater number were willing to approve of, or CHAP. to acquiesce in, the ruling government, yet their concurrence was cold and formal; and it was evi- METHOdent that they considered the accession of William not so much positive good, as the least of two evils. The abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, however needful, did not tend to allay their apprehensions; and the untimely death of the young Duke of Gloucester dashed their hopes that the seed of the Royal Martyr" would still inherit the land. They disliked the prospect of a German successor they were not pleased with that successor when he came, and they complained that the Tory party was so wholly shut out from his counsels; an exclusion of which they saw the disadvantages, but could not so well appreciate the necessity. Thus, then, in the whole period since 1688, except the four last years of Queen Anne, a large proportion of the clergy were in a state of dissatisfaction, and opposition to the Ministers, if not to the Sovereign.

From this unnatural alienation between the Church and State, there soon followed another between the higher and lower clergy. The new Government, as might be supposed, selected its Bishops from its small minority of partisans, rather than from the unfriendly majority; and thus it happened that most of the clergy came to be on one side, and most of the Bishops on the other. Many of the new prelates were, like Tillotson, an honour to their country and to their calling; but

DISM.

CHAP. the evil I have mentioned was inherent in the sysXIX. tem, and did not depend upon the men. The body METHO- ecclesiastical became unnerved and disjointed; the head ceased to direct the limbs, and the limbs to obey the head. While the Convocation sat, there were most violent wranglings between the two Houses; after its cessation there was more silence, but not greater satisfaction. The result was a total decay of discipline; for where there is no confidence and cordiality, discipline can only be enforced by harsh measures, and these were repugnant to the gentle spirit of the Bishops. They therefore allowed their authority to sleep, except in the rare cases of any gross irregularity; they had seldom any labour of love, and their fatherly guidance was no more.

In like manner, and from the same causes, the Universities clashed with the heads of the Church and of the Government. In Oxford, especially, the High Church principles were dominant, and most of the resident members were Jacobites almost without disguise. Considering how severely that University had smarted under the tyranny of the last Stuart, its Jacobitism surely deserves high respect, as a most disinterested and sincere, though most mistaken, principle of loyalty. Cambridge, partly perhaps from rivalry to Oxford, was more friendly to the House of Hanover; but even there the High Churchmen formed, to say the least of it, a very powerful minority. On the whole, these seats of learning were considered decidedly hostile by the Government; and we find that in 1716 Archbishop

XIX.

Wake was preparing a Bill to assert the supremacy CHAP. of the Crown, and regulate the two Universities.* In such unprofitable dissensions were those energies METHOconsumed which might else have wrought out such great deeds for the service of religion.

Another cause of neglect in the Clergy, was want of rivalry and emulation. No other sect was then in active competition with them. The Roman Catholics had been struck down by the victorious arms of William, and bound fast by the penal laws of Anne. The Protestant Nonconformists had greatly fallen off, both in numbers and energy.† Under such circumstances a general coldness and deadness ensued even from apparent triumph; and the Church Militant, with no visible enemy before it, broke its ranks and laid aside its arms.

In many places, again, the population had outgrown the size of the Establishment. Where Where provision had been made for the religious care of only some small hamlet, a numerous race of manufacturers or miners had frequently sprung up. Many villages were swelling into towns, many towns into cities. It is a matter deeply affecting the former character of the Church, as well as its present interests, that provision was not made at an earlier period for these increasing wants. If we except

* Lord Townshend to Secretary Stanhope, November 2. 1716. + Several tracts were published, especially in 1730, accounting for this decrease in various ways, but all adınitting the fact. See Calamy's Life and Times, vol. ii. p. 529. One of the tracts was entitled, "Free Thoughts on the most probable means of "reviving the Dissenting Interest."

DISM.

CHAP. Queen Anne's bounty, little care seems to have been XIX. taken for the enlargement of small livings, the diMETHO- minution of pluralities, and the building of new churches.* The fields were ripe for the harvest, but it was left for the Methodists to gather.

DISM.

A Church Establishment cannot have a worse enemy than its own want of vigour, and is never really secure but when it is really useful. Twenty years before that great awakening of the human mind which we term the Reformation, when the Church of Rome sat supremely enthroned over the whole Christian world, and every heresy had been quenched in flame-even then its abuses and intolerance were preparing their own correction, and the keen eye of Comines could discern the coming and desired dawn.† Thus, also, in the reign of George the First, the reflecting few could perceive that the Church of England, though pure as ever in doctrine, was impaired in energy, and must have either help or opposition to stir it. That impulse was in a great measure given by the Methodists. The Clergy caught their spirit, but refined it from their alloy of enthusiasm. The discipline of the Church was gradually revived, and its deficiencies supplied. Every year the Establishment rose higher and higher in efficiency and usefulness; and

* The sum paid during the whole reign of George the Second (thirty-three years) for building churches, including the repairs of Westminster Abbey and of St. Margaret's and St. John's, Westminster, amounted only to 152,2407. (Sinclair's History of the Revenue, part iii. p. 61.)

+ Comines, Mem. lib. vii. ch. 15.