Ease" at Chester. In An Abstract of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers for the Testimony of a good Conscience, published in 2 vols. 8vo. in 1733,

the author tells us that

"Richard Sale, for speaking to a priest in the street, at Chester, on the 4th of the 11th month, 1656, was, by the mayor's orders, put into Little Ease, and kept there about eight hours. And, on the 8th of the first month following, for preaching in the streets, was kept in Little Ease aforesaid four hours. This poor man, being pretty corpulent, could not be put into that narrow hole without much violence, so that four men had much ado to thrust him in, and at several times, by the crushing of him, the blood gushed out of his mouth and nose. His health, by this frequent barbarity, was much impaired, and his body and legs swelled, so that he languished about two months after this last time of his being put there, and then died in the sixth month, 1657, imputing the cause of his death to the cruelty of his persecutors."

-

The writer, in a note, says: "This Little Ease was a hole hewed out'in a rock; the

breadth and cross from side to side is 17 inches, from the back to the inside of the great door; at the top, 7 inches; at the shoulders, 8 inches; and the breast, 9 inches; from the top to the bottom, 1 yard and a half, with a device to lessen the height as they are minded to torment the person put in, by drawboards which shoot over across the two sides, to a yard in height, or thereabouts."

To this account I may myself add, that this horrible chamber of torture was situate under the old Northgate Prison at Chester, which no longer disgraces the neighbourhood. But, some three or four years ago, a drain was being constructed across the site of the old prison; and, while the work was in progress, I myself saw an ancient excavation in the rock, answering the description given by Randle Holme and the Quaker author, and which I have no doubt whatever was the identical Little Ease in which George Marsh, the Protestant martyr, was confined in 1555, and which afterwards received the nonjuring bodies of the unfortunate Quakers during the Interregnum. J. HUGHES.

Chester.

I can tell your correspondent DAVID GAM of a Little Ease, which was found in the old gaol at Boston in Lincolnshire, in 1635, when it was repaired; and it is again mentioned in the Corporation Records in 1665, when a pair of "stocks" was directed to be made "for the place called Little Ease in the gaol," for the punishment of prisoners convicted, whilst in prison, on the information of the gaoler, of swearing, cursing, debauchery, drunkenness, or other misdemeanours whatever." This was placing a very vague and ill-defined power in the hands of the gaoler; but had the power been ever so well defined, it is one which he ought not to have possessed. In 1670, the instruments of punishment in the gaol are enumerated as being, "10 horse locks, 4 pairs of cross fetters, 2 chains, one being long, 3 pairs of hand-cuffs, a pair of pothooks (P) with two rivets

and shackles, 5 pairs of iron fetters and shackles, and a brand to burn persons in the hand." To this pleasant list of articles, "another burning iron" was added in 1703, and, in 1722, "a pair of thumbscrews." The "chamber of Little Ease, and the brands and thumb-screws," are occasionally mentioned in the Annual Inventory, until 1765, after which they are not alluded to. There are no means of knowing when they were last used.

Stoke, Newington.

ETYMOLOGY OF

PISHEY THOMPSON.

COCKSHUT' AND COCKSHOOT." (2nd S. vi. 345.)

Your correspondent JAYDEE may be assured that these words are not only ແ allied," but identical. The following extracts will clearly show that it is a mere variation of orthography, arising probably from local pronunciation.

The Resolute John Florio, whom there is good reason for believing to have been an intimate acquaintance of our great poet, as Lord Southampton was his patron, thus explains Cockshut in his Worlde of Wordes, 1598:

"Cane e lupo, tra cane e lupo, cock-shut or twilight, as when a man cannot discerne a dog from a wolfe."

This is repeated with slight variation in his second edition in 1611, but it is remarkable that the word is there Cock-shute..

Then comes the worthy Rundle Cotgrave, often an excellent expositor of the meaning of Shakspeare, and under the word "Chien" in his Dic tionary, we have

"Entre chien et loup. In twilight or cock-shoot time (when a man can hardly discern a Dog from a Wolfe.")

Torriano, who amplified his ancestor Florio's Dictionary, has the word also Cock-shoote.

Woodcocks were commonly designated by old sportsmen Cocks, and the Cockshut or Cock-net was a net contrived for taking them; a description and figure of which contrivance will be found under the word "Cock-roads" in the Dictionarium Rusticum, 1704; probably copied from The Gentleman's Recreation. The reason why Cockshut time designated Twilight is clearly there accounted for thus:

"The nature of the Woodcock is to lie close all day under some hedge, or near the roots of old trees, picking for worms under dry leaves, and will not stir without being disturbed; neither does he see his way well before him in the morning early; but towards evening he takes wing they find any thoroughfare through any wood or range to go and get water, flying generally low; and when of trees, they use to venture through, and therefore the Cock-roads ought to be made in such places, and your Cock-nets planted according to the following figure."

Then follows a description of the mode of forming the Cock-road and placing the Cock-shut, and a place of concealment for the fowler to watch

In the Herefordshire Glossary the word cockshut is explained to be "a contrivance for catching woodcocks in an open glade or drive of a wood, by means of a suspended net. In some places, cockshut, from being an appellative, has become a proper name, the meaning being extinct." In Halliwell's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, the following article occurs: "Cockshut, a large net, suspended between two poles, employed to catch, or shut in, woodcocks, and used chiefly in the twilight. Hence perhaps it came to be used for twilight; but Kennett says, when the woodcocks shoot or take their flight in woods. Florio has the latter sense exclusively, in p. 79., ed. 1611."

The history of this word seems to be, that it originally meant a folding net which was spread across an opening in a wood, and was used for enclosing or shutting in woodcocks. The places where these nets were used sometimes acquired the name of Cockshut; whence such proper names as that of Cockshut Hill, near Reigate, mentioned by JAYDEE; and as woodcocks were thus caught in the evening," cockshut time," or "cockshut light," meant twilight.

L.

Mr. E. Smirke, in the 5th volume of the Journal of the Archeological Institute, pp. 118-120., has clearly shown that a cockshete, cokshot, or cockroade (Lat. "volatile woodcoccorum!") was a contrivance for catching woodcocks in a glade by a suspended net," and that the word was applied indifferently to the net or to the place where it was used. He says that

"Serjeant Manning, who was the first to suggest a satisfactory explanation of the word, considers that it owes its last syllable to the bird's habit of lying 'concealed or shut during the day,' or of taking their flight or shoot at twilight. Chas. Knight, in his recent edition of Shakspere, inclines to think it equivalent to cockroost time, the hour at which the cock goes to rest.' Unfortunately for this last conjecture, the cock referred to is a bird of crepuscular habits, that sleeps by day and flies by night. My friend the learned serjeant is more correct in his natural history of the bird, but I doubt whether he can show any warrant for the use of the word 'shut' or 'shoot' in the sense he assigns to them, and I suspect the woodcock is a fowl more shot at than shooting."

So far Mr. Smirke. I can, however, supply the required warrant for the serjeant's second meaning, i. e. flight, The gunners on the river

Ouse and the West Norfolk fens call the time when wildfowl take their evening flight "shutsele" or "shotsele." Sele is the A.-S. sæl, season; and wheat-sowing, barley-sowing, hay-harvest, &c. are called in Norfolk "wheatsele," "barleysele," "haysele," &c. The flight of the woodcock I have frequently heard gamekeepers describe as "scudding." I once heard this term in Pembrokeshire and several times in Norfolk.

Without doubt the surname Cockshott or Cock

shut came from the first of the name living near or keeping a "volatile woodcoccorum " for catching "gallos silvestres." E. G. R.

The following extracts from Allies' Antiquities and Folk-Lore of Worcestershire (2nd ed. pp. 283 -4.) will probably be interesting to JAYDEE:

"In the parish of Great Malvern there are... Cockshoot, Cockshute, or Cockshut Orchard, Lane, and Farm, at the

Link.... It is said that the name Cock-shoot' probably designates the place where springes or nets were set to catch woodcocks; and that the syllable shoot' means the hole or gap in the bank or hedge through which the it must be observed that the springs of water from North woodcocks either ran or fled into the springe or net. Now Malvern Hill run by the spot in question, and it was a very likely place in days of yore to be frequented by woodcocks. Still, however, spouts or cocks for watershoots, vulgo shuts †, at the bottom of hills, banks, or slopes, may possibly have given rise to some of the names in question; for instance, there is Cockshute, by Dormston Hill; Cockshoot Hill, in Hadsor, near Droitwich; Cockshutt Hill, in Lulsley; and Cockshoot Hill, at Shelsley Beauchamp. But, as these localities, even if they have or had spouts, would be equally favourable for woodcocks, it is probable that the first-mentioned derivation is, in some such cases, the primary one; and, when Shakspeare speaks of a Cockshut time'§, he probably refers to the twilight, when woodcocks || run or fly out of the covers, and were caught at the shoots in the springes or nets."

The "Cockshoot Hill" (and wood) at Shelsley Beauchamp, Worcestershire, is on the boundary of Lord Ward's Witley estate; and, curiously enough, on the boundary of his Himley estate (Staffordshire), there is a second Cockshoot Hill, and wood, distant twenty miles from the former. Near to Ellesmere, in Shropshire, is a ehapelry, called Cockshut. CUTHBERT BEDE.

* See the Journal of the Archæological Institute, vol. v. pp. 118. to 121.

66

†The peasantry call those channels made to carry rainwater off ploughed lands land shuts," and natural rills "water-shuts." Thus a spring with a spout at the foot of a hill or slope would, in common language, be a "cockshut." There is one on the side of the Malvern road, just above Cockshut Farm.

Cockshut is also a personal name. See Nichols's History of Leicestershire, vol. iv. part 2., p. 524. § Richard III., Act V., Scene 3.

Almost all classes in the country, when speaking of woodcocks, scarcely ever use the prefix.

Replies to Minor Queries. •Cawood's Bible (2nd S. vi. 30. 380.)—The titlepage to my copy of Cawood's Bible, small 4to., 1561, has a border with Cawood's mark, the same as to the third part and to the Apocrypha. The date is also at the end of the table. Mr. Harris called on me some years ago with the first sheets of a Bible which he was anxious to identify. The Bible was I believe imperfect, and the property of a nobleman, sent to him to be completed for the binder; but we were unable to identify the edition. I hope that our friend FRANCIS FRY will carry his researches much farther than "in unravelling mixed editions," and enlighten the public by tracing the progressive improvements in the translation of the inspired volume into English. GEORGE OFFor.

Hackney.

Remains of Wimbledon and the Story of a Romancer (2nd S. v. 235.) I cannot at present say who was the person satirised, or what gave rise to the publication, but I may be permitted to state that the author of the same was Benjamin Bell, surgeon in this city, and that the etchings which embellish the volume were done by himself. Mr. C. K. Sharpe had no hand in the matter. Dr. Bell, if I mistake not, died many years ago. Edinburgh. Wesley's Hymns set to Music by Handel (2nd S. vi. 373.) I have a copy of the music referred to in this Query. It was published in 1826 by Samuel Wesley, the great organist, son of the Rev. Charles Wesley. The title-page is as follows:

T. G. S.

"The Fitzwilliam Music never published. Three Hymns, the words by the late Rev. Charles Wesley, A.M., of Christ Church College, Oxon., and set to music by George Frederick Handel, faithfully transcribed from his autography in the Library of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, by Samuel Wesley, and now very respectfully presented to the Wesleyan Society at large. [Signed] S. Wesley. Ent. at Sta. Hall, Price 1s. 6d. To be had of Mr. S. Wesley, No. 16. Euston Street, Euston Square, and at the Royal Harmonic Institution, Regent Street.'

In the Wesleyan Magazine for 1826, p. 817. there is a letter from Mr. Samuel Wesley containing an account of the discovery of the MS., and there is also given the substance of a note from Miss Wesley as to the intimacy between Handel and Mr. and Mrs. Rich, and between the latter and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wesley.

The hymns set are "Sinners obey the gospel word," "O Love divine, how sweet thou art," and "Rejoice, the Lord is King;" and the form of the music is that of an air with accompaniment for the pianoforte or organ. The first and third will be found in Mercer's Hymn Book, arranged in shortscore for four voices; the one being called Cannons, and the other Handel's 148th. The harmonics

“ Βέλτιον οὖν οἱ τὰ περὶ τὸν Τυφῶνα καὶ Οσιριν καὶ Τσιν ἱστο ρούμενα, μήτε θεῶν παθήματα, μήτε ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλὰ δαιμόνων μεγάλων είναι νομίζοντες, οὓς καὶ Πλάτων καὶ Πυθαγόρας, καὶ Ξενοκράτης καὶ Χρύσιππος, επόμενοι τοῖς πάλαι θεολόγοις, έῤῥωμενεστέρους μὲν ἀνθρώπων γεγονέναι λέγουσι, καὶ πολλῇ τῇ δυ νάμει τὴν φύσιν ὑπερφέροντας ἡμῶν, τὸ δὲ θεῖον οὐκ ἀμιγὲς οὐδ ̓ ἄκρατον ἔχοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ψυχῆς φύσει καὶ σώματος αισθήσει συνειληχὸς ἡδονὴν δεχομένῃ, καὶ πόνον καὶ ὅσα ταύταις ἐγγενόμενα ταῖς μεταβολαῖς πάθη, τοὺς μὲν μᾶλλον, τοὺς δὲ ἧττον ἐπιταράττει γίνονται γὰρ ὡς ἐν ἀνθρώποις, καὶ δαίμοσιν, ἀρετῆς Siapopai kai kakías."-Plutarchus, De Iside et Osiride, c. XV., ed. Wyttenbach, Oxon, 1796, iii. 478. See also xiii. 205. n. D., and 208. n. B. FITZHOPKINS.

Garrick Club.

about the

Guercino's Aurora (2od S. vi. 287.) · original of which MR. GUTCH would be glad to know, is not an oil-painting, but a large fresco, at Rome, done on the ceiling of one of the halls in the casino standing in the Villa Ludovisi. The owners of this beautiful place, the Princes of Piombino, have for many years formed the unenviable sole exception to that Roman, or, to speak more truly, that Italian kindness which, with such graceful readiness, throws wide open to all comers the door of every room or garden that holds a work of art: thousands have there been, as well inhabitants of Rome as travellers thither, who never could catch a glimpse of any of those many arttreasures churlishly imprisoned within the gates of the ungenial Piombino Villa Ludovisi. D. Rock. Perham, Sussex (2nd S. vi. 69.)-No doubt this is Parham, near Arundel. R. C. W.

Age of Tropical Trees (2nd S. vi. 325.) — Only one ring of ligneous matter is deposited each year, even in tropical climates, there being only one period of rest analogous to our winter. The number of concentric rings which appear when the tree is cut across is not a sure criterion of age under all circumstances. In endogens the rings are altogether wanting. J. M. B.

"Gallowes taken doune aboute London, 1554." (2nd S. vi. 314. 465.)-Verily "N. & Q." not only furnish much valuable information in answer to literary inquiries, but revive reminiscences of "auld lang syne," and bring together forgotten friends. A gentleman at Cork, who, forty years ago, was on pleasant friendly terms with me, has sent a satisfactory answer to the Query, Why, on "the iiij daie of June, 1554, was taken doune all the Gallowes that were aboute London ?" He refers me to the Diary of Henry Machin, printed for the Camden Society, who states that forty-six poor creatures implicated in Wyatt's rebellion were hanged upon twenty-four gallows; ten upon the gates, and fourteen in the city and borough.

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This Company's Derricks are eminently adapted, by their great power, to raising sunken and recovering stranded vessels.

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In the United States, two of these machines, belonging to the New York Derrick Company, have raised and saved over 400 vessels. This Company commenced by paying its shareholders half-yearly dividends of 10 per cent. but, since July, 1857, has regularly paid quarterly dividends of the like amount.

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