(?).a Balūči -ān (e.g. rasā, ‘I may arrive') is probably subjunctive in origin (cf. Sanskrit bhárāņi). The final -n' in Albanian verbs like martón' 'I marry' is to be derived from *-aniō.10 Beside the usual termination -mi (jami ‘I make') 'Hittite' has forms in -hhi- (dabhi 'I give', tehhi 'I say' [but tezzi 'he says'], etc.), which F. Hrozný" explains as formed from bases in -h (mostly denominatives), with the original -ō changed to -i by analogy with all the other persons of the present, while C. Marstrander12 considers the -h- as an enclitic particle or enclitic pronoun qualifying the first person (cf. Latin e-g-ō, mi-h-i, etc.) with -ō changed to -i by analogy with the remaining persons (daḥḥi < *daja-ba-ō or *daja-ha-ō).

III. Second Person Singular

The problem of the original type of the thematic ending for this person is far from easy.13 The forms which actually occur are as follows: Ossetic is (West Ossetic fävis 'doest'), Tališ -i(š) (bīš 'art': bu-ka'i 'makest'), Wai-Ala -š (viaš 'strikest'),14 Greek pépes, Old Irish -bir, Middle Welsh ceryd 'lovest', Lithuanian suki 'turnest', Lettish metti 'throwest', Old Prussian giwassi 'livest', druwēse 'believest', seggései 'doest', Old Church Slavic bereši 'bearest',15 and possibly Albanian del' 'comest forth' (first singular dal').16

As regards the type of Greek pépes, Brugmann1 held that it is to be explained either as (a) *bheresi > *pepehi > *pepe, to which -s was added on the analogy of rions, didws, etc.; or (b) that *epel gave rise to pépes through contamination with *pepes (cf. Sanskrit d-bharas and such Sanskrit injunctives as dáhas, váras, etc.); or (c)

G. Dottin, La Langue gauloise 37-8, 122, 263, Paris, 1920. 'Geiger, in Grundriss 1. 2. 243.

10 Pedersen, in Vollmöller's Kritischer Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der romanischen Philologie 9 (1905). 1. 210-11.

11 Die Sprache der Hethiter 101, Leipzig, 1917.

" Caractère indo-européen de la langue hittite 91-2, Christiania, 1919.

13 See especially Brugmann, 'Zur Bildung der 2. Person Singul. Akt. in den indogermanischen, insbesondere den baltischen Sprachen', in IF 17 (1905). 177–86. 14 V. Miller, Sprache der Osseten 70, Strasbourg, 1903; Geiger, in Grundriss 1. 2. 365; Linguistic Survey of India 8. 2. 51, Calcutta, 1919.

15 The -s in Armenian (e.g. beres 'bearest') is apparently on the analogy of es 'art' < *es-si (Meillet, Esquisse d'une grammaire comparée de l'arménien classique 88, Vienna, 1903).

16 Cf. Brugmann, Grundriss 1. 365, 1020, 2.3.605–6.

17 Griechische Grammatik1 397–9, Munich, 1913, with bibliography.

that it was based on a pre-Indo-European second singular imperative in *-ei, appearing in Old Lithuanian ved-i 'see!'.18 Hirt and MeilletVendryes,19 on the other hand, compare the termination of *pep-el with the -i of the second singular present in Lithuanian suki, reflexive sukie-s 'turnest thyself' (cf. Lettish metti, reflexive mettie-s 'throwest thyself'),20 etc. The Baltic type of Lithuanian suki, Lettish metti goes back to a proto-form in *-ei, not *-eis, for final -s is preserved in this group; and the absence of -s in this person in Modern Greek dialects in Italy, as pezzi, ‘raiçes', yelái 'yeλáes', is a modern loss, not an ancient survival.21 Albanian del' is ambiguous, since it may be derived equally well from *dales, *daleis, or *dalei; and Latin agis 'doest' may represent either *-si or *-s. If the Hesychian gloss és πÓÐ' Ěρπes' πόθεν ἥκεις. Πάφιοι and the Theocritan συρίσδες ‘pipest', ἀμέλγες 'milkest' (1. 3; 4. 3) are correctly transmitted, they are probably to be explained as being in reality augmentless secondary forms (injunctives) used as presents.22 The Kuchean ending - (e.g. nesed 'art') is obscure. 'Hittite' shows -ti beside the normal -ši (jaši 'makest'), as in arnutti 'bringest' beside arnuši, epti 'takest' beside epši, daitti 'givest', harnikti 'takest' (but harnikzi ‘takes'), etc. Hrozný23 thinks that this is to the second plural -teni as the first singular -mi is to the first plural -yeni, -meni; Marstrander24 considers it an original imperative (cf. Sanskrit sṛṇudhi 'hear! Greek 0 'come!'); Friedrich derives it from the second singular imperfect in -ta (e.g. jatta 'madest'), with a changed to -i by analogy with the other persons of the present.

The pre-Indo-European form of the thematic second person singular present indicative active would appear to have had two forms: *-eis

10 Cf. Bezzenberger 222.

19 H. Hirt, Handbuch der griechischen Laut- und Formenlehre2 486-7, Heidelberg, 1912; A. Meillet and J. Vendryes, Traité de grammaire comparée des langues classiques 301, Paris, 1924.

20 On the disputed origin of this Lithuanian form see Brugmann, Grundriss 2. 3. 609-10.

21 A. Thumb, Handbook of the Modern Greek Vernacular 22–3, 152, Edinburgh, 1912.

22 G. Meyer, Griechische Grammatik3 538, Leipzig, 1896; Brugmann, Grammatik 398; Hirt 487; R. Meister, Griechische Dialekte 2. 278, Göttingen, 1882–9; O. Hoffmann, Griechische Dialekte 1. 259, do. 1891-8; F. Bechtel, Griechische Dialekte 1. 430, Berlin, 1921-4; A. Thumb, Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte 295, Heidelberg, 1909; Meillet-Vendryes 301.

23 Sprache 160-1.

24 Caractère 143.

26 ZDMG 76 (1922). 167.

and *-ei. To the former group (*bhereis) belong the types of Ossetic fävís, Tāliš bīš, Wai-Alā viaš, and Greek pépes (it may be suggested in passing that the -s of τίθης, δίδως, δείκνυς instead of *τιθηκι > *Ton, etc., may be due to analogy with the thematic inflection rather than to the borrowing of a secondary ending from the imperfect, as is usually supposed [λύεις : ἔλυες :: τίθης : ἐτίθης]).26 To the latter group (*bherei) one may assign Old Irish -bir, Middle Welch ceryd, Cornish keryth, Middle Breton querez 'lovest' (<*-i-jei),27 Lithuanian suki, Lettish metti, and, very possibly, Old Church Slavic bereši, Old Prussian druwēse, seggēsei, giwassi, the Slavic and Prussian forms being explicable as contaminations of a thematic inflection with an athematic, and so constituting, in reality, a 'double second', representing a *bheresei blended of *bherei(s) and *bheresi, the normal type occurring in such forms as Old Russian velist 'commandest', Serbo-Croatian daši 'givest'.28

IV. Third Person Singular

The thematic termination of this person is closely connected with that of the second singular. The crucial type is represented by Greek pépet. Brugmann, Hirt, and Meillet-Vendryes29 hold that this is based on *PEPELT, formed by analogy with pépes and replacing an original *peper (cf. Sanskrit á-bharat and such Sanskrit injunctives as bhárat). Nevertheless, it may be suggested that the pre-form was *bhereit, preserved not only in pépet, but perhaps also in the Old Irish conjunct -beir. This latter is usually explained as from *beret < *bheret, and the presence of e would indeed appear to militate against derivation from *b(h)ereit, which would normally give *bir, as is actually found in the second person. Such a form, however, would make the second and third persons identical, and though this is by no means a grave

26 e.g. Meillet-Vendryes 301.

27 Pedersen 2. 342-3.

28 Cf. Meillet, in MSLP locc. citt.; Brugmann, Grundriss 2. 3. 609; Leskien, Altbulgarische... Sprache 190-1; Vondrák 2. 134-5; Meillet, Slave 268-70. The Latin forms cupīs, facīs (Plautus, Curculio 264, Amphitryo 555) do not belong here (see W. Lindsay, Latin Language 475, Oxford, 1894; F. Sommer, Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre2 504-6, 511, Heidelberg, 1914; MeilletVendryes 267-8.

Gram

29 Grundriss 2. 3. 582; Griechische Grammatik 397-8; Handbuch 486–7; maire comparée 303, 325 (cf. Meillet, Introduction 192). Regarding the Latin type pōnīt, sinīt, which does not belong here, see the preceding note.

30 Thurneysen 54, 339; Meillet, Introduction 192; Pedersen 2. 343; Brugmann, Grundriss 2. 3. 611, 614.

31

objection, what we have seems best interpreted as a contamination, to avoid such confusion, of *bir with the ber-forms of the plural (-beram, -berid, and -berat), these, like -biur and -bir, being regular in their vocalisation. Following Bezzenberger, one might consider here such Old Lithuanian forms as pa-vystai 'withers', džustai 'becomes dry', plaūkiai 'swims', and possibly even Old Prussian pīdai 'carries', pogaunai 'receives', postānai ‘becomes', dīlinai 'works', and niswintinai ‘unhallows'. This-ai may, however, be regarded as a particle;32 and if these Baltic words belonged here, they would point to a termination in *-oi(t) rather than in *-ei(t). The usual Lithuanian termination in -a (e.g. vēža 'carries') is generally regarded as an injunctive. 33 Albanian del' 'comes forth' is ambiguous, being derivable equally well from *dalet or *daleit. Kuchean wessa, 'says' beside yapi 'enters' apparently receives its nasal from an enclitic pronoun.34 Gaulish legasit and cariedit may, or may not, be verbs.35 Peside the usual ending -zi (jezzi 'makes') 'Hittite' hasi (e.g. dāi ‘gives', ezzai 'eats' [beside ezzazi], tašuwaḥḥi 'injures' [beside tašuwaḥzi], halzai 'calls', hatrai 'writes' [but contrast batrāmi], šipanti 'sacrifices'). Hrozný-36 could reach no satisfactory conclusion; Marstrander37 denies any connexion with the Greek -a, and considers it comparable with the third person singular indicative middle (Sanskrit bhárate, Greek pépera). I myself fail to see the force of his objections, and am inclined to compare ezzai directly with the ede 'eats' of Iliad 15. 636.

The athematic termination (Sanskrit bhárati, Armenian berē < *bhereti, Doric didwr [Attic didwo] 'gives',38 Latin agit 'does', δίδωσι δίδωσι] Oscan staít 'stands',39 Old Irish crenaid 'buys', Gothic bairip 'bears',

31 Litauische Sprache 197.

32 E. Berneker, Preussische Sprache 212, Strasbourg, 1896; R. Trautmann, Altpreussische Denkmäler 280, Göttingen, 1910, takes it as characteristic of bases in -ăi.

33 e.g. Brugmann, Grundriss 2. 3. 615; Meillet, Introduction 192.

34 Cf. Meillet, in Indogermanisches Jahrbuch 1. 8, 9; Lévi and Meillet, in MSLP 18. 8. Lydian fennsλibid (for λ instead of un cf. Buckler, Sardis 6. 2. xiii) 'destroys' is perhaps an optative, cf. varbtokid 'may he take vengeance' (see E. Littmann, Lydian Inscriptions Sardis: Publications of the American Society for the Excavation of Sardis, 6. 35, 40, Leyden, 1916).

=

35 See Dottin 37, 45, 122, 242, 265.

36 Sprache 161.

37 Caractère 91.

38 On the relation of -r and - cf. Brugmann, Grammatik 118; MeilletVendryes 61-2.

39 Lindsay 526; Sommer 489.

Old Russian budeti 'becomes' beside bude40) calls for no special remark in the present connexion.

V. The Dual

The dual number in the verb has survived only in Sanskrit, Avesta, Greek, Teutonic (Gothic, Runic Norse, and possibly in the stereotyped Old Saxon wita 'let us'41), Lithuanian, and Old Church Slavic. The scanty material available may be tabulated as follows, the two forms in brackets being restored analogically:

These terminations are apportioned thus:

Primary athematic: 1-Gālā Avesta usvahi 'we two wish';

thematic: 1 a-Sanskrit bhárāvas, Gothic baírōs; 1 b-Lithuanian sukava (reflexive súkavo-s[i]), Old Church Slavic berevě,43

2 a Sanskrit bhárathas, Gothic baírats; 2 bLithuanian sukata (reflexive sukato-s[i]), Old Church Slavic bereta;

3 a-Sanskrit bháratas, Avesta barato; 3 b— Old Church Slavic bereta, berete.44

Secondary: 2-Greek pépeтov <*еретoμ (cf. Sanskrit ábharatam). (In the present pépeтov has also assumed the functions of the third person, though the original distinction is maintained in the imperfect, so that ἐφέρετον : ἐφερέτην [ef. Boeotian ἀνεθέταν] : : Sanskrit ábharatam: ábharatām.)

40 Cf. also O. Wiedemann, Beiträge zur altbulgarischen Conjugation 11-23, Petrograd, 1886; for Slavic -tu beside -ti see Meillet, 'La Désinance -tu du vieux slave', in MSLP 18. 232-8, and Slave 270-2.

"Brugmann, Grundriss 2. 3. 638.

"Originally there may also have been forms in *-ue, *-uō if we may draw an inference from the corresponding plurals *-mē, *-me, *-mō, *-mo.

43 The final -ě is probably influenced by the pronoun ve 'we two' (Brugmann, Grundriss 2. 3. 639).

"See Wiedemann 25.