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Chapters II, III and IV constitute the important lexicographical contributions of the book. The division into intellectual, material, and individual classes of linguistic elements is hardly justified. The divisions as given under each one of the above groups would have been sufficient. For a book of reference the above classification is cumbersome and confusing. In fact a general classification according to source, that is English, French, Italian, etc., would be more practical. All this, however, is a question of individual preference and certainly does not in any way lessen the great value of these chapters for comparative American-Spanish dialectology. In practically all cases the author has given us the exact pronunciation of the foreign words in the Argentine Spanish by means of actually transcribing them in phonetic symbols. Carefully prepared studies of this nature are not only important for comparative studies in phonetic change but have a very great value as permanent documents of pronunciation at fixed epochs.

By far the largest number of foreign words in the Spanish of Argentina are of French source. English comes next and Italian is third. Other sources are not important. The English elements are of recent importation (last fifty years) and in certain fields of human activity, trade, politics, sport, these are at present dominant all over the world. It would be interesting to know how universally used certain words of English source really are in the modern cultural languages. I venture to say that practically all the words of English source introduced into Argentina during the last fifty years are to be found also in the other cultural languages of the world and in the Spanish of all Spanish-speaking countries. Dr. Grossman has not given us a definite list of all the foreign words but takes them up in the various chapters of the book, discussing their provenance, their meaning and their phonology. For this reason it is in some cases difficult to know whether the words in question are really regularly accepted Argentine words of English source or only sporadically used newspaper or book words. This of course, applies

created a national literature and had become nationally conscious. Castilian was the language of the court, of the army, and of the new schools and universities of Spain and Spanish America.

"We find exactly this same problem in New Mexico. There are the English words consciously used as English words by the Spanish speaking inhabitants, the English words commonly used as English words that have already a decided Spanish form and pronunciation and the hundreds of English words absolutely and completely Hispanized to the extent that the Spanish-speaking inhabitants no longer recognize them as foreign words. This last category is really the only

not only to words of English source but to all foreign words. Are such words as upper-cut, knock-down, five-o-clock tea, popularly used Argentine words or English words sporadically used in the newspapers? In all the cases where the author has given the phonetic transcriptions for the foreign words (and these are given for the majority of them) there can be no doubt about the popular character of the words. Among the English words I have counted some one hundred and seventy that appear to be regularly developed Argentine words of popular usage, completely Hispanized. Sixty of these, or about 35 per cent, are also found in New Mexico and with practically the same phonetic forms. A detailed study of the phonetic development of Spanish words of English source for all the Spanish-speaking countries would be of great service to linguistics. I have suggested such a study in my Studies in New Mexican Spanish and have pointed out a few of the sources of information up to the year 1914. The parallel phonetic development that English words undergo when introduced in the popular Spanish of widely separated regions of the Spanish world is an eloquent testimony in favor of the uniformity of Spanish phonetic processes and the uniform pronunciation of Spanish. The English words introduced into the Spanish of New Mexico, California and Argentina undergo practically the same phonetic developments. A large number of the words in question are, of course, pan-Hispanic and are found in the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy: bistec, linchar, mitin, rosbif, vagón, yate, etc. But there are many that are not in the Academy dictionary and are, nevertheless, pan-Hispanic.

The Argentine words of French origin bring up rather complicated problems of chronology. Dr. Grossman has made no attempt to enter into these problems. It is, of course, clear that a very large number of the Argentine words of French origin have come through various sources. The Italian influence presents a new and important problem since no country in the world has suffered the Italian linguistic influence that is to be found in Argentina. I am of the opinion, however, that Dr. Grossman has taken too seriously the so-called language mixture of Spanish and Italian. In fact the texts given on pages 195-215, taken for the most part from the pseudo-folkloristic periodical El Fogón, are not specimens of popular speech as actually heard even among the

element that may be called a regularly accepted foreign element that will lend itself to final and definitive conclusions in linguistic investigations. See my Studies in New Mexican Spanish, Part III, "The English Elements', §§ 9-10. Part III, 258-60.

most ignorant language-mixers but rather linguistic creations of humorists, and they can scarcely be taken as examples of Argentine Spanish of any kind. No doubt a few ignorant people do mix Spanish and Italian, especially the newly arrived immigrants, but the problem has been grossly exaggerated by the editors of El Fogón. It is too much to ask any one to believe that the people of Argentina use in their daily speech such words as uppercutear (opercotear?) 'to deliver upper-cuts,' vieco 'old,' and tutankamerías, "Tutankamen fashions or ways.'

Dr. Grossman has written a most interesting and valuable book that opens the way for more detailed and more complete studies on the foreign elements in the Spanish of Argentina and all the other SpanishAmerican countries. Chapter V, which treats the problems of phonetic and morphological changes in a systematic manner, has a definitive value for linguistic science.

AURELIO M. ESPINOSA.

NOTES AND PERSONALIA

A SURVEY OF LINGUISTIC STUDIES was issued late in November, 1926, as a Bulletin of the Executive Committee. A few words to correct and to supplement the statements in it may not be out of place. The Survey was intentionally limited to the graduate courses in the institutions which are members of the Association of American Universities, although, as was said in the Survey itself, this definition, made for purely practical reasons, causes the omission of certain distinguished schools. Yet it can hardly be disputed that the institutions considered in the Survey, twenty-five in number, include at least twenty of the first twenty-five institutions giving a full graduate curriculum, on whatever basis the rating might be made, and that therefore the general impression which it creates is not essentially wrong.

But the strictures upon the failure to make American English the subject of instruction seem not to be fully justified. We may criticize the fact that the published announcements of the courses do not indicate that the phenomena and the peculiarities of American English are dealt with or otherwise utilized; but apparently the courses on the English Language are actually so conducted, in a number of institutions where no such credit is given in the Survey. For example, Prof. W. A. Craigie of Chicago and Prof. Kemp Malone of Johns Hopkins have courteously sent the information that their courses on the English Language do make American English the basis of the work.

The situation at the University of Nebraska is more favorable to linguistic studies than the Survey indicates. Although L. H. Gray's place has not been filled, Prof. L. A. Sherman is conducting a course in General Linguistics, and Prof. R. D. Scott conducts courses in Sanskrit, in which matters of Comparative IE Grammar also are treated. Both subjects are well elected.

Further, Prof. Paul Haupt of Johns Hopkins died on Dec. 15, 1926. Prof. C. C. Fries of Michigan gives a course in the syntax of Modern English, a fact which escaped the notice of the compilers of the Survey.

Of the papers read at the Second Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, some have not been presented for publication, or

are being held for incorporation in larger works; but the following have appeared in print, or are about to be issued:

L. Bloomfield, A Set of Postulates for the Science of Language; in Language, 2.153-64.

C. D. Buck, Some Questions of Practice in the Notation of Reconstructed Forms; in Language, 2.99-107.

H. Collitz, World Languages; in Language, 2.1-13.

E. C. Hills, The History of the Forms of Spanish Patronymics in −z; about to appear in Revue Hispanique.

U. T. Holmes, The Phonology of an English-Speaking Child; about to appear in American Speech.

R. G. Kent, The Textual Criticism of Inscriptions; as Language Monograph No. 2, 1926.

R. G. Kent, The Inscription of Duenos; in Language, 2.207-222.

S. Kroesch, Analogy as a Factor in Semantic Change; in Language, 2.35-45.

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R. Levy, The Astrological Works of Abraham ibn Ezra: a literary and linguistic study with special reference to the Old French translation of Hagin; to appear as Vol. 8 of The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Romance Literatures and Languages, Paris, 1926.

M. H. Liddell, Stress Pronunciation in Latin; in Language, 2.108-18. E. K. Maxfield, Quaker "Thee" and its History; in American Speech, 1.638-44.

J. F. Mountford, Some Neglected Evidence Bearing on the Ictus Metricus in Latin Verse; in Transactions of the American Philological Association, 56.151-61.

A. R. Nykl, The Quinary-Vigesimal System of Counting in Europe, Asia, and America; in Language, 2.165-73.

E. Prokosch, The Hypothesis of a Pre-Germanic Substratum; in The Germanic Review, 1.47-72.

E. Prokosch, The Phonetic Drift of the Germanic Vowel System; about to appear in Classical Quarterly.

E. H. Sturtevant, On the Position of Hittite among the Indo-European Languages; in Language, 2.25-34.

E. H. Sturtevant, Concerning the Influence of Greek on Vulgar Latin; in TAPA, 56.5-25.

H. H. Vaughan, Italian Dialects in the United States; in American Speech,

1.431-5 and 2.13-18.

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