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THE e-PERFECT IN HITTITE

E. H. STURTEVANT

YALE UNIVERSITY

The Hittite documents show many instances of an interchange of the vowels e and a. Since the variation is not uniform, and neither vowel of the pair is restricted to any phonetic surroundings or morphological categories, we must apparently assume several causes, and sound method requires the separate treatment of groups of words which show parallel phenomena. In this paper I propose to discuss the variation in monosyllabic verbal roots which end in a consonant. That the matter needs elucidation appears from these typical examples: ešzi 'he is'

ešir 'they were'

ašanzi 'they are'

ari 'he has arrived'

aranzi 'they have arrived'

erir 'they had arrived' Hrozný1 discussed the variation in the radical syllable of verbs, but without coming to any satisfactory conclusion. Forrer2 groups together paradigms of a number of verbs which exhibit the phenomenon, under the captions: 'Umlaut von Verben der mi-Konjugation' and 'Umlaut von Verben der hi-Konjugation'. Tenner supplements the forms given by Forrer, and remarks quite justly: 'Mit dem nur vor i eintretenden germanischen Umlaut hat dieser hethitische Vokalwechsel jedenfalls nichts zu tun'.

Tenner confines his attention to three verbs of the hi-conjugation, and precisely these verbs, I think, suggest the true source of the variation in most of the words discussed by Hrozný and Forrer. The verbs are citable as follows:

1 Die Sprache der Hethiter 169, 170f. (1917).

2 Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft NF 1.213f. (1922). Ein Hethitischer Annalentext des Königs Mursilis II 18f. (Leipzig, 1926).

With the exception of the forms printed in italics, these verbs show the vowel a in the singular, the third person plural present and imperative, and in the participle, while the vowel e appears throughout the plural, except the third person present and imperative. The few forms which vary from this scheme are of course to be explained by analogy.

=

I have pointed out that some of the personal endings of the Hittite hi-conjugation are remarkably similar to those of the Indo-European perfect tense (2nd sing. ti tha, 3rd sing. i = e, 3rd pl. pret. ir beside Skt. ur, Lat. ere, s frequently inserted before second personal endings as in Lat. vidisti, vidistis, etc.). If, then, the hi-conjugation is in part identified with the Indo-European perfect, the stem-vowel e in the plural of our three verbs is to be equated with Germanic plurals like Gothic bērum 'we bore' beside bar 'he bore'. The fact that there is usually no indication of length in the e-forms cited above does not constitute an objection. If the original vowel quantities survived in Hittite, at any rate they cannot be inferred from the orthography of our documents; e-eš-zi ἐστί he is' and e-ša-ri = ἧσται “he sits are typical examples.

=

The correctness of our equation becomes obvious upon a closer scrutiny of the three verbs. Other Hittite words clearly related with

LANGUAGE 2. 33f. (1926).